Carbohydrate–insulin model

The carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) posits that obesity is caused by excess consumption of carbohydrate, which then disrupts normal insulin metabolism leading to weight gain and weight-related illnesses. It is contrasted with the mainstream energy balance model (EBM), which holds that obesity is caused by a excess in calorie consumption compared to calorie expenditure. According to the carbohydrate–insulin model, low-carbohydrate diets would be the most effective in causing long-term weight loss. Notable proponents of the carbohydrate–insulin model include Gary Taubes and David Ludwig.[1][2] The CIM has been tested in mice[3] and humans.[4] Although some experts consider that these studies falsified the CIM, proponents disagree.[5] Available evidence does not support the existence of a long-term advantage in weight loss for low-carbohydrate diets.[5]

References
  1. Ludwig, David S; Aronne, Louis J; Astrup, Arne; de Cabo, Rafael; Cantley, Lewis C; Friedman, Mark I; Heymsfield, Steven B; Johnson, James D; King, Janet C; Krauss, Ronald M; Lieberman, Daniel E; Taubes, Gary; Volek, Jeff S; Westman, Eric C; Willett, Walter C; Yancy, William S; Ebbeling, Cara B (2021). "The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 114 (6): 1873–1885. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab270. PMC 8634575. PMID 34515299.
  2. Taubes, Gary (2022). "The energy balance model compared with the carbohydrate-insulin model". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 116 (2): 612–614. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac162. PMID 35675308.
  3. Hu, Sumei; Wang, Lu; Togo, Jacques; Yang, Dengbao; Xu, Yanchao; Wu, Yingga; Douglas, Alex; Speakman, John R. (2019). "The carbohydrate-insulin model does not explain the impact of varying dietary macronutrients on the body weight and adiposity of mice". Molecular Metabolism. 32: 27–43. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.010. ISSN 2212-8778. PMC 6938849. PMID 32029228.
  4. Hall, K. D. (2017). "A review of the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (3): 323–326. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.260. ISSN 1476-5640. PMID 28074888.
  5. Sievenpiper, John L (2020). "Low-carbohydrate diets and cardiometabolic health: the importance of carbohydrate quality over quantity". Nutrition Reviews. 78 (Supplement_1): 69–77. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz082. PMC 7390653. PMID 32728757. Systematic reviews with pairwise and network meta-analyses of the best available evidence have failed to show the superiority of low-carbohydrate diets on long-term clinical weight loss outcomes or that all sources of carbohydrate behave equally.
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