Cockle (bivalve)

A cockle is an edible marine bivalve mollusc. Although many small edible bivalves are loosely called cockles, true cockles are species in the family Cardiidae.[2]

Cockle
Temporal range:
Live specimens of Cerastoderma edule from France
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Cardiida
Superfamily: Cardioidea
Family: Cardiidae
Lamarck, 1809
Subfamilies
  • Cardiinae
  • Clinocardiinae
  • Fraginae
  • Laevicardiinae
  • Lahilliinae
  • Lymnocardiinae
  • Orthocardiinae
  • Protocardiinae
  • Trachycardiinae
  • Tridacninae
Synonyms

Lymnocardiidae

True cockles live in sandy, sheltered beaches throughout the world. The distinctive rounded shells are bilaterally symmetrical, and are heart-shaped when viewed from the end. Numerous radial, evenly spaced ribs are a feature of the shell in most but not all genera (for an exception, see the genus Laevicardium, the egg cockles, which have very smooth shells).

The shell of a cockle is able to close completely (i.e., there is no "gap" at any point around the edge). Though the shell of a cockle may superficially resemble that of a scallop because of the ribs, cockles can be distinguished from scallops morphologically in that cockle shells lack "auricles" (triangular ear-shaped protrusions near the hinge line) and scallop shells lack a pallial sinus. Behaviorally, cockles live buried in sediment, whereas scallops either are free-living and will swim into the water column to avoid a predator, or in some cases live attached by a byssus to a substrate.

The mantle has three apertures (inhalant, exhalant, and pedal) for siphoning water and for the foot to protrude. Cockles typically burrow using the foot, and feed by filtering plankton from the surrounding water. Cockles are capable of "jumping" by bending and straightening the foot. As is the case in many bivalves, cockles display gonochorism (the sex of an individual varies according to conditions),[3] and some species reach maturity rapidly.

The common name "cockle" is also given by seafood sellers to a number of other small, edible marine bivalves which have a somewhat similar shape and sculpture, but are in other families such as the Veneridae (Venus clams) and the ark clams (Arcidae). Cockles in the family Cardiidae are sometimes referred to as "true cockles" to distinguish them from these other species.

Species

There are more than 205 living species of cockles, with many more fossil forms.[4]

The common cockle, (Cerastoderma edule), is widely distributed around the coastlines of Northern Europe, with a range extending west to Ireland, the Barents Sea in the north, Norway in the east, and as far south as Senegal.

The dog cockle, Glycymeris glycymeris, has a similar range and habitat to the common cockle, but is not at all closely related, being in the family Glycymerididae. The dog cockle is edible, but due to its toughness when cooked it is generally not eaten, although a process is being developed to solve this problem.[5]

The blood cockle, Tegillarca granosa (not related to the true cockles, instead in the ark clam family, Arcidae) is extensively cultured from southern Korea to Malaysia.[6]

Genera

Genera within the family Cardiidae include:

  • Acanthocardia Gray, 1851
  • † Acobaecardium Paramonova, 1986
  • Acrosterigma Dall, 1900
  • Adacna Eichwald, 1838
  • Afrocardium Tomlin, 1931
  • † Agnocardia Stewart, 1930
  • † Aktschagylocardium Danukalova, 1996
  • Americardia Stewart, 1930
  • † Andrusovicardium Paramonova, 1986
  • † Anechinocardium Hickman, 2015
  • Apiocardia Olsson, 1961
  • † Apscheronia Andrusov, 1903
  • † Arcicardium P. Fischer, 1887
  • † Arpadicardium Eberzin, 1947
  • † Austrocardium Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978
  • † Avicardium V. P. Kolesnikov, 1950
  • † Avicularium Gray, 1853
  • † Aviculocardium Bagdasarian, 1978
  • † Bosphoricardium Eberzin, 1947
  • Bucardium Gray, 1853
  • † Budmania Brusina, 1897
  • † Byssocardium Tournouër, 1882
  • † Caladacna Andrusov, 1917
  • Cardium Linnaeus, 1758
  • † Caspicardium Astaf'yeva, 1955
  • Cerastoderma Poli, 1795
  • † Chartoconcha Andrusov, 1907
  • † Chokrakia S. V. Popov, 2001
  • Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974
  • Clinocardium Keen, 1936
  • Corculum Röding, 1798
  • Ctenocardia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857
  • † Dacicardium Papaianopol, 1975
  • Dallocardia Stewart, 1930
  • Didacna Eichwald, 1838
  • † Didacnoides Astaf'yeva, 1960
  • † Didacnomya Andrusov, 1923 (uncertain, unassessed)
  • † Digressodacna Davitashvili & Kitovani, 1964
  • Dinocardium Dall, 1900
  • Discors Deshayes, 1858
  • † Diversicostata Vassoevich & Eberzin, 1930
  • † Ecericardium Eberzin, 1947
  • † Eoprosodacna Davitashvili, 1934
  • † Ethmocardium White, 1880
  • Europicardium Popov, 1977
  • † Euxinicardium Eberzin, 1947
  • Fragum Röding, 1798
  • Freneixicardia J. A. Schneider, 2002
  • Frigidocardium Habe, 1951
  • Fulvia Gray, 1853
  • † Gilletella Marinescu, 1973
  • Glans Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811
  • Goethemia Lambiotte, 1979
  • † Goniocardium Vasseur, 1880
  • † Granocardium Gabb, 1869
  • † Habecardium Glibert & van de Poel, 1970
  • † Hedecardium Marwick, 1944
  • † Hellenicardium S. V. Popov & Nevesskaja, 2000
  • Hippopus Lamarck, 1799
  • † Horiodacna Stefanescu, 1896
  • Hypanis Pander in Menetries, 1832
  • † Integricardium Rollier, 1912
  • Keenaea Habe, 1951
  • Keenocardium Kafanov, 1974
  • † Korobkoviella Merklin, 1974
  • † Kubanocardium Muskhelishvili, 1965
  • Laevicardium Swainson, 1840
  • † Lahillia Cossmann, 1899
  • † Limnodacna Eberzin, 1936
  • † Limnopagetia Schlickum, 1963
  • † Limnopappia Schlickum, 1962
  • Lophocardiium P. Fischer, 1887
  • † Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886
  • Lunulicardia Gray, 1853
  • † Luxuridacna Papaianopol, 1980
  • † Lymnocardium Stoliczka, 1870
  • Lyrocardium Meek, 1876
  • Maoricardium Marwick, 1944
  • † Merklinicardium S. V. Popov, 1982 (uncertain, unassessed)
  • † Metadacna Eberzin, 1959
  • Microcardium Keen, 1937
  • Microfragum Habe, 1951
  • † Miricardium Paramonova, 1986
  • Monodacna Eichwald, 1838
  • † Moquicardium Eberzin, 1947
  • † Myocardia Vest, 1861 (uncertain, unassessed)
  • † Nargicardium Eberzin, 1947
  • Nemocardium Meek, 1876
  • † Obsoletiformes Kojumdgieva, 1969
  • † Omanidacna Harzhauser & Mandic, 2008
  • † Oraphocardium Eberzin, 1949
  • † Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950
  • † Oxydacna Davitashvili, 1930
  • † Pachydacna Eberzin, 1955
  • † Pannonicardium Stevanović, 1951
  • † Panticapaea Andrusov, 1923
  • Papillicardium Sacco, 1899
  • Papyridea Swainson, 1840
  • † Papyrocardium Gabuniya, 1953 (uncertain, unassessed)
  • † Paradacna Andrusov, 1909
  • † Parapscheronia Eberzin, 1955
  • Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884
  • † Parvidacna Stevanović, 1950
  • † Phyllocardium P. Fischer, 1887
  • † Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886
  • † Plagiodacna Andrusov, 1903
  • † Plagiodacnopsis Andrusov, 1923
  • † Planacardium Paramonova, 1971
  • † Plicatiformes Kojumdgieva, 1969
  • † Pontalmyra Stefanescu, 1896
  • Pratulum Iredale, 1924
  • † Prionopleura Eberzin, 1949
  • Procardium ter Poorten & La Perna, 2017
  • † Prophyllicardium Jekelius, 1944 (uncertain, unassessed)
  • † Prosochiasta Eberzin, 1959
  • † Prosodacna Tournouër, 1882
  • † Prosodacnomya Eberzin, 1959
  • † Protocardia Beyrich, 1845
  • † Protoplagiodacna Stevanović, 1978
  • † Pseudocatillus Andrusov, 1903
  • Pseudofulvia Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007
  • † Pteradacna Andrusov, 1907
  • † Raricardium Paramonova, 1986
  • † Replidacna Jekelius, 1944
  • Ringicardium
  • † Schedocardia Stewart, 1930
  • † Schirvanicardium Andreescu, 1974
  • Serripes Gould, 1841
  • † Stylodacna Stefanescu, 1896
  • † Submonodacna Livental, 1931
  • † Tauricardium Eberzin, 1947
  • Trachycardium Mörch, 1853
  • Tridacna Bruguière, 1797, the "giant clams"
  • † Tschaudia Davitashvili & Kitovani, 1964
  • † Turcmena G. I. Popov, 1956
  • Trigoniocardium
  • Vasticardium Iredale, 1927
  • Vepricardium Iredale, 1929
  • † Uniocardium Capellini, 1880 (uncertain, unassessed)
  • † Yokoyamaina Hayami, 1958
  • † Zamphiridacna Motaş, 1974
  • Acrosterigma cignorum
    Acrosterigma cignorum
  • Ctenocardia fornicata
    Ctenocardia fornicata
  • Ctenocardia virgo
    Ctenocardia virgo
  • Trachycardium maculosum
    Trachycardium maculosum
  • Fossil Cardiidae shells (Late Cretaceous, Alberta, Canada).
    Fossil Cardiidae shells (Late Cretaceous, Alberta, Canada).
  • Vasticardium berschaueri
    Vasticardium berschaueri

In cuisine and culture

Cockles are a popular type of edible shellfish in both Eastern and Western cooking. Cockles are a nutritious seafood item that is high in protein and low in fat. They also contain several essential minerals, including iron and calcium. Cockles are a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are beneficial for maintaining heart health.[7] They are collected by raking them from the sands at low tide. However, collecting cockles is hard work and, as seen from the Morecambe Bay disaster, in which 23 people died, can be dangerous if local tidal conditions are not carefully watched.

In England and Wales, as of 2011, people are permitted to collect 5 kg of cockles for personal use. Those wishing to collect more than this are deemed to be engaging in commercial fishing and are required to obtain a permit from the Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority.[8]

Cockles are a street food in Cambodia where it is usually steamed or boiled and served with a dipping sauce consisting of crushed peppercorns, salt and lime juice.[9]

Cockles are sold freshly cooked as a snack in the United Kingdom, particularly in those parts of the British coastline where cockles are abundant. Boiled, then seasoned with malt vinegar and white pepper, they can be bought from seafood stalls, which also often have for sale mussels, whelks, jellied eels, crabs and shrimp. Cockles are also available pickled in jars, and more recently, have been sold in sealed packets (with vinegar) containing a plastic two-pronged fork. A meal of cockles fried with bacon, served with laverbread, is known as a traditional Welsh breakfast.[10][11]

Boiled cockles (sometimes grilled) are sold at many hawker centres in Southeast Asia, and are used in laksa, char kway teow and steamboat. They are called kerang in Malay and see hum in Cantonese.

In Japan, the Japanese egg cockle (Laevicardium laevigatum) is used to create torigai sushi.

A study conducted in England in the early 1980s showed a correlation between the consumption of cockles, presumed to be incorrectly processed, and an elevated local occurrence of hepatitis.[12]

Cockles are an effective bait for a wide variety of sea fishes. The folk song "Molly Malone" is also known as "Cockles and Mussels" because the title character's sale of the two foods is referred to in the song's refrain. The shells of cockles are mentioned in the English nursery rhyme "Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary". Cockles are also eaten by the indigenous peoples of North America.[13]

  • Empty cockle shell on the beach
    Empty cockle shell on the beach
  • Bags of cockles picked from Morecambe Bay
    Bags of cockles picked from Morecambe Bay

Alternative meanings

The common English phrase "it warms the cockles of my heart", is used to mean that a feeling of deep-seated contentment has been generated.

Differing derivations of this phrase have been proposed, either directly from the perceived heart-shape of a cockleshell, or indirectly (the scientific name for the type genus of the family is Cardium, from the Latin for heart), or from the Latin diminutive of the word heart, corculum. Another proposed derivation is from the Latin for the ventricles of the heart, cochleae cordis, where the second word is an inflected form of cor, heart, while cochlea is the Latin for snail.

References
  1. Schneider, Jay A. (1995). "Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n.". Zoologica Scripta. Wiley-Blackwell. 24 (4): 321–346. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00478.x. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 86183611.
  2. >MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2022-02-09
  3. "Synthesis on biology of Common European Cockle (Cerastoderma edule" (PDF). Reservebaiedesaintbrieuc.com. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  4. "Cardiidae (Cockles)". Shells.tricity.wsu.edu. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  5. {\phi_s}. "European Food Research and Technology, Volume 210, Number 1". SpringerLink. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  6. "Status of mollusc culture in selected Asian countries". Fao.org. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  7. "Cockle". Husfarm. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  8. "Cocklers barred from Ribble estuary after coastguard checks". BBC News. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  9. Kraig, B.; Sen, C.T. (2013). Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 454. ISBN 978-1-59884-955-4. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  10. Welsh Government. "Wales.com – Food". Government of Wales. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2021. Laverbread, not actually bread at all but seaweed, is rolled in oatmeal, fried into crisp patties and served with eggs, bacon and fresh cockles for a traditional Welsh breakfast.
  11. "Swansea breakfast recipe - a treat with the taste of the coast". VisitWales. Retrieved 24 November 2021. Swansea breakfast recipe - a treat with the taste of the coast: There's nothing like the smell of cockles and laverbread sizzling away in a pan to bring the essence of the Welsh coast directly to you, wherever you might be.
  12. O'Mahony MC, Gooch CD, Smyth DA, Thrussell AJ, Bartlett CL, Noah ND (1983). "Epidemic hepatitis A from cockles". Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals. NIH. 3 (6): 479–86. PMID 1222. Retrieved 25 March 2006.
  13. Butler, Robert William (1997). Great Blue Heron. UBC Press. ISBN 9780774806343.

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