Guido Bentivoglio

Guido Bentivoglio d'Aragona (4 October 1579 – 7 September 1644) was an Italian cardinal, statesman and historian.

This article is about 17th century Italian cardinal and diplomat. For the 17th century Italian bishop, see Guido Bentivoglio (bishop).
His Eminence

Guido Bentivoglio
Cardinal & Archbishop of Rhodes
François Duquesnoy, Bust of Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio (National Gallery of Ireland)
ArchdioceseRhodes
Orders
Created cardinal11 January 1621
Personal details
Born4 October 1579
Ferrara, Duchy of Ferrara
Died7 September 1644
Rome, Papal States
BuriedSan Silvestro al Quirinale
Cardinal Bentivoglio, by Anthony van Dyck (Palazzo Pitti).
Claude Mellan, Guido Bentivoglio, engraving on laid paper, National Gallery of Art

Early years

A member of the Ferrara branch of the influential Bentivoglio family of Bologna, he was the younger son of marchese Cornelio Bentivoglio and Isabella Bendidio. After studying at the universities of Ferrara and Padua, where in 1598 he received a doctorate utroque jure— in both civil and canon law— he returned to Ferrara, to the humanistic studies that honed his elegant writing style. There Pope Clement VIII, on a visit to the city that had recently fallen under direct papal control, made him his private chamberlain, and he returned with Clement to Rome.

Nuncio in Brussels and Paris

Under Clement's successor, Pope Paul V, he was appointed titular archbishop of Rhodes, 14 May 1607, with a dispensation for being three months shy of the canonical age and not having yet received the sacred orders, in order to give him appropriate credentials as nuncio at the court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in the Habsburg Netherlands, (1 June 1607 – 24 October 1615).[1]

He arrived in Brussels when negotiations between the Habsburgs and the Dutch Republic to end the Eighty Years' War were about to begin. Following the conclusion of the Twelve Years' Truce in April 1609, he was greatly concerned with the position of Catholicism in the Republic. Accredited to a Habsburg court, he likewise took a keen interest in the final stages of the reign and the succession of Emperor Rudolf II. Three more topics occupied a great deal of his time: the struggle over the Jülich-Cleves inheritance,[2] which was set to ignite the Thirty Years War, the flight of the prince de Condé from France in objection to Henri IV's divorce and remarriage,[3] and the degree of toleration for Catholics in England and Ireland under James I. His correspondence reveals Bentivoglio as "the skilled diplomatist,[4] polished by constant intercourse with the most refined society, as well as the mature observer," according to Ludwig Pastor.[5]

Afterwards he was nuncio to the Court of France (9 July 1616 – 1621), where he witnessed the uproars of the Regency of Queen Marie de' Medici, the fall of Concino Concini in the coup operated by Louis XIII and his favorite Charles d'Albert, the discord between the Queen-Mother and her son and the first Huguenot rebellions. The King rewarded his services as nuncio with the appointment on 11 July 1622 to the bishopric of Riez, a position from which Bentivoglio would resign on 16 October 1625.

Cardinal in Rome

In accordance to custom, Bentivoglio was made a cardinal on 11 January 1621 at the end of his mission at the Court of France. His first titular church was the San Giovanni a Porta Latina (installed 17 May 1621). He subsequently switched to the Santa Maria del Popolo (installed 26 October 1622), the Santa Prassede (installed 7 May 1635) and the Santa Maria in Trastevere (installed 28 March 1639). On 1 July 1641, his intimate friend, Pope Urban VIII appointed him to the suburbicarian see of Palestrina. Until his nomination to the order of cardinal-bishops, Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu had entrusted him with the post of Cardinal protector of France.

On 22 June 1633, Cardinal Bentivoglio was one of the signers of the papal condemnation of Galileo.[6] An able writer and skilful diplomat, Bentivoglio was marked out as Urban's successor, but he died suddenly after the opening of the 1644 Papal conclave.[7] He is buried in the church of San Silvestro al Quirinale, Rome.

Patron of the arts

Bentivoglio took Girolamo Frescobaldi with him to Brussels as his household composer.[8]

On his return to Rome in 1621 Bentivoglio bought Cardinal Scipione Borghese's new palazzo on the Quirinale.[9] Filippo Baldinucci, the biographer of Claude Lorrain, asserts that Cardinal Bentivoglio launched the artist's career by purchasing two landscapes by him, which brought the artist to the attention of Urban VIII.[10]

He commissioned his portrait from Anthony van Dyck (illustration). His portrait bust was sculpted by François Duquesnoy "Il Fiammingo", a Flemish sculptor active in Rome.[11]

Works
  • Della guerra di Fiandria (best edition, Cologne, 1633–1639). Bentivoglio's three volumes were translated in 1654, by Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth (The Compleat History of the Warrs of Flanders, London, Humphrey Moseley, 1654)
  • Relazioni di G. Bentivoglio in tempo delle sue Nunziature di Fiandria e di Francia (Antwerp, 1639; Cologne, 1630)
  • Lettere diplomatiche di Guido Bentivoglio (Brussels, 1631).
  • (Guido Bentivoglio) Costantino Panigada, ed. Memorie e Lettere (Bari: Laterza, series Scrittori d'Italia) 1934.
The complete edition of his works was published at Venice in 1668.[7]
  • Raccolta de Lettere Scritte dal Signor Cardinal Bentivoglio in tempo delle sut Nuntiature do Fiandra, e di Francia. (Posthumously by Angelo Zon, Venetia, 1670).

Notes and references
  1. His correspondence as nuncio in Brussels, from the Archivo Bentivoglio, Ferrara, was published by Raffaele Belvederi, Guido Bentivoglio, Diplomatico, 2 vols. (Rovigo) 1947.
  2. The duke having died childless in 1609, the inheritance was contested between the heirs of his two eldest sisters: the heir of Maria Eleonora of Cleves (1550–1608), the eldest sister, was Anna of Prussia, the Electress of Brandenburg, a Protestant; the son and heir of the second sister, Anna of Cleves (1552-1632), was the Countess Palatine of Neuburg, a Catholic.
  3. That the new marriage might lead to an heir, displacing young Condé farther from the succession, was not lost on Bentivoglio.
  4. He managed to intercept Gondomar's most private cyphered correspondence.
  5. H.G.K. reviewing Guido Bentivoglio, Diplomatico The English Historical Review 64 No. 251 (April 1949:272).
  6. Text, and signers Archived 2007-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
  7. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bentivoglio, Guido". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 750.
  8. Consequently Frescobaldi's madrigals for five voices, which inaugurated his published career, were published at Antwerp, 1608 and dedicated to Bentivoglio, in whose household they had been composed. (New Grove Encyclopedia of Music s.v. "Girolamo Frascobaldi".
  9. Now Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi. Though he commissioned frescos in the palazzo, within a few years he sold it again, to cover his mounting debts, to the Lante famnily, who later sold it to Cardinal Mazarin. (Alphonsus Ciacconius, I, c.4.155, noted in Robert Eisler, "An Unknown Fresco-Work by Guido Reni" The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 7 No. 28 (July 1905:314 note 23).
  10. The paintings in question have never been traced, though Michael Kitson risked a connection with a painting now at the Kimball Art Museum (Kitson, "Claude's Earliest 'Coast Scene with the Rape of Europa' The Burlington Magazine 115 No. 849 [December 1973:v]); they would seem to have predated the painter's Liber Veritatis, in which he recorded his compositions in sketches.
  11. It was formerly in the Galerie Jacques Heim, London.

Sources
  • Belvederi, Raffaele (1947). Guido Bentivoglio, Diplomatico. Rovigo: Centro di Cultura "Aldo Masieri".

Further reading
  • (Guido Bentivoglio), Memorie e lettere. (in Italian). edited by Costantino Panigada (Bari, 1934)
  • Belvederi, Raffaelo (1962). Guido Bentivoglio e la politica europea del suo tempo, 1607-1621 (in Italian). Padua: Liviana editrice.
  • Burke, Peter (2002). "Bentivoglio, Guido". The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
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