Ta-Arawakan languages
The Ta-Arawakan languages, also known as Ta-Maipurean and Caribbean, are the indigenous Arawakan languages of the Caribbean Sea coasts of Central and South America. They are distinguished by the first person pronominal prefix ta-, as opposed to common Arawakan na-.
| Ta-Arawakan | |
|---|---|
| Caribbean | |
| Geographic distribution | Caribbean and Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast) |
| Linguistic classification | Arawakan
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | cari1281 |
Languages
Kaufman (1994) provides the following subclassification:
- Taíno
- Guajiro (Wahiro)
- Iñeri (Inyeri)
- Kalhíphona (Island Carib, modern Garífuna or Black Carib)
Aikhenvald adds Shebayo, which Kaufman had left unclassified, and removes Iñeri from Ta-Arawakan proper:
Caribbean Arawakan
Proto-language
Reconstructions of Proto-Lokono-Guajiro proposed by Captain (1991):[1]
no. gloss Proto Lokono-Guajiro 1. 'abdomen' *Vteke 2. 'after' *dikʰi 3. 'ant' *hayu 4. 'anteater' *waRiti 5. 'arm' *dɨna 6. 'armadillo' *yekerV 7. 'arrow' *kimařa 8. 'ash' *baliki 9. 'ask' *asa (?) 10. 'axe' *bařu 11. 'back' *asabu 12. 'bat' *busiri 13. 'bathe' *aka 14. 'beard' *tiima 15. 'bird' *kudibiu 16. 'blood' *itʰa 17. 'bone' *Vbu-na 18. 'breast' *(u)di 19. 'break' *wakVdV- 20. 'by (agent)' *duma 21. 'cane' *isi 22. 'canoe' *kanuwa 23. 'chest' *Vluwa 24. 'child' *(?)ibili 25. 'chili pepper' *hatʰi 26. 'chop' *lada 27. 'cold, have a *tʰunuli- 28. 'come' *andV 29. 'cricket' *pʰuti 30. 'crocodile' *kayukutʰi 31. 'delicious' *keme- 32. 'down' *unabu 33. 'drink (v)' *VtʰV 34. 'ear' *dike 35. 'egret' *wakaRa 36. 'eye' *aku 37. 'exit (v)' *apʰuti- 38. 'fat, grease' *akusi 39. 'father' *Vtʰi 40. 'finger' *kʰabu-ibira 41. 'fingernail' *bada 42. 'fire' *sikʰi 43. 'fish' *hime 44. 'flea' *kʰayaba 45. 'flesh' *kiruku 46. 'flower' *siwi 47. 'fly' *mabuRi 48. 'foot' *ukuti 49. 'for (benefactive)' *bura 50. 'forehead' *kibu 51 'from (LOC)' *-kee 52. 'fur' *Vti 53. 'go' *kuna 54. 'gourd' *iwida 55. 'grandfather' *dukutʰi 56. 'grandmother' *kVtʰV 57. 'green' *subule 58. 'hair' *Vbařa 59. 'hammock' *hamaka; *kura 60. 'hand' *kʰabu 61. 'hate, be hated' *te- 62. 'head' *ikiwi 63. 'hear' *akanaba 64. 'here' *yaha 65. 'honey' *maba 66. 'horn' *ukuwa 67. 'house' *bahɨ 68. 'I' *dakia 69. 'iguana' *iwana 70. 'in' *luku 71 'in (a fluid)' *raku 72. 'juice' *Vra 73. 'kill' *pʰarV 74. 'knife' *ruři 75. 'leaf *bana 76. 'liver' *bana 77. 'maize' *mariki 78. 'manioc' *kʰali 79. 'manioc starch' *hařo 80. 'many' *yuhu 81. 'monkey' *pʰudi 82. 'moon' *katʰi 83. 'mosquito' *maRi 84. 'mother' *uyu 85. 'neck' *nuru 86. 'nose' *kiri 87. 'one' *aba 88. 'path' *bɨna; *wabu 89. 'peck' *tuka- 90. 'penis' *ewera 91. 'rat' *kuři 92. 'raw' *iya 93. 'request' *kʰuyabV- 94. 'resin' *Vkʰɨ 95. 'ripe' *hebe 96. 'river' *sVři 97. 'root' *akura 98. 'say' *akV 99. 'sea' *bařawa 100. 'seat, stool' *turu 101. 'she' *tʰukia 102. 'skin' *Vda 103. 'sleep' *dunkV 104. 'snake' *uri 105. 'son-in-law' *titʰi 106. 'sound' *akanVkɨ 107. 'star' *iwiwa 108. 'stone' *kiba 109. 'stop' *takɨ- 110. 'sweet potato' *halitʰi 111. 'tail' *isi 112. 'tapir' *kama 113. 'termite' *kʰumutʰiri 114. 'that (masculine)' *lira 115. 'that (non-masculine)' *tura 116. 'there' *yara 117. 'they' *nakia 118. 'thigh' *(N)bɨku 119. 'this (masculine)' *lihi 120. 'this (non-masculine)' *tuhu 121. 'thou' *bukia 122. 'three' *kabɨnV 123. 'tip' *kiruku 124. 'toad' *kiberu 125. 'tobacco' *yuři 126. 'tongue' *Vyee 127. 'tooth' *ari 128. 'touch, feel' *bebeda 129. 'tree' *kunuku 130. 'two' *biama 131. 'up' *iu- 132. 'vomit' *ewedV 133. 'water' *uni 134. 'we' *wakia 135. 'with (accomp.)' *Vma 136. 'whistle' *wiwida- 137. 'woman' *hiaru 138. 'worm' *-koma- 139. 'ye' *hukia 140. 'yes' *VNhVN 141. (absolutive) *-hV 142. (poss. suffix) *-tʰe
References
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Lokono-Guajiro reconstructions
- Captain, D. (1991 [2005]). Proto-Lokono-Guajiro. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Etnolingüísticos, 10:137-172.
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