Barcelona Cathedral

The Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia (Catalan: Catedral de la Santa Creu i Santa Eulàlia), also known as Barcelona Cathedral, is the Gothic cathedral and seat of the Archbishop of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.[2] The cathedral was constructed from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, with the principal work done in the fourteenth century. The cloister, which encloses the Well of the Geese (Font de les Oques), was completed in 1448.[3] In the late nineteenth century, the neo-Gothic façade was constructed over the nondescript exterior that was common to Catalan churches.[4] The roof is notable for its gargoyles, featuring a wide range of animals, both domestic and mythical.

Not to be confused with Gaudi's Sagrada Família, or Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona.

Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia
  • Catedral de la Santa Creu i Santa Eulàlia
Religion
AffiliationRoman Catholic
ProvinceArchdiocese of Barcelona
Ecclesiastical or organizational statusCathedral
LeadershipJuan José Omella, Archbishop of Barcelona
Year consecrated1058[1]
StatusActive
Location
LocationBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Barcelona Cathedral is located in Barcelona
Barcelona Cathedral
Shown within Barcelona
Geographic coordinates41°23′02″N 2°10′35″E
Architecture
TypeChurch
StyleGothic, Gothic Revival
Groundbreaking1298
Completed1420; façade and central tower, 1913
Specifications
Length90 metres (300 ft)
Width40 metres (130 ft)
Height (max)53 metres (174 ft) (2 towers)
Website
www.catedralbcn.org

Its form is pseudo-basilica, vaulted over five aisles, the outer two divided into chapels. The transept is truncated. The east end is a chevet of nine radiating chapels connected by an ambulatory. The high altar is raised, allowing a clear view into the crypt.

View of the cathedral interior

The cathedral is dedicated to Eulalia of Barcelona, co-patron saint of Barcelona, a young virgin who, according to Catholic tradition, suffered martyrdom during Roman times in the city. One story says that she was exposed naked in the public square and a miraculous snowfall in mid-spring covered her nudity. The enraged Romans put her into a barrel with knives stuck into it and rolled it down a street (according to tradition, the one now called Baixada de Santa Eulàlia). The body of Saint Eulalia is entombed in the cathedral's crypt.

The choir stalls retain the coats-of-arms of the knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece. In his first trip into Spain, Charles, the future Holy Roman Emperor, selected Barcelona as the site of a chapter of his Order. The king had arrived for his investiture as Count of Barcelona, and the city, as a Mediterranean port, offered the closest communication with other far-flung Habsburg dominions, while the large proportions of the cathedral would accommodate required grand ceremonies. In 1518 the Order's herald, Thomas Isaac, and its treasurer, Jean Micault, were commissioned to prepare the sanctuary for the first sitting of the chapter in 1519. Juan de Borgonya executed the painted decoration of the sanctuary.

"The church was named after Barcelona's patron saint Eulalia; its official name - Catedral de la Santa Creu i Santa Eulàlia - is Catalan for "Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia". The commonly used name La Seu refers to the status of the church as the seat of the diocese."

The side Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and of the Holy Christ of Lepanto contains a cross said to date from the time of the Battle of Lepanto (1571).[5]

In addition to Saints Eulàlia and Olegarius, the cathedral contains the tombs of Saint Raymond of Penyafort, Count Ramon Berenguer I and his third wife Almodis de la Marche, and bishops Berenguer de Palou II, Salvador Casañas y Pagés, and Arnau de Gurb, who is buried in the Chapel of Santa Llúcia, which he had constructed.

The cathedral has a secluded Gothic cloister where 13 white geese are kept, the number explained by the assertion that Eulalia was 13 when she was martyred.[5]

A program of cleaning and restoration of the cathedral was carried out from 1968 to 1972.[6]

History

Parts of an early Christian and Visigothic episcopal complex including the baptistery (fourth century), a basilical hall (fifth century), a cross shaped church (sixth-seventh century) and bishop's palace (sixth-seventh century) are displayed in Barcelona City History Museum archaeological underground. Reportedly, this Visigothic chapel was dedicated to Saint James, and was the proprietary church of the Viscounts of Barcelona.[7] However, in a document from the Second Council of Barcelona in 599, it states that the cathedral was dedicated to the Holy Cross.[3] This church was severely damaged by al-Mansur (Almanzor) during his attack on Barcelona in 985.

In 1046, Count Ramon Berenguer I and his wife Almodis, together with Bishop Guislabert, began construction of a Romanesque cathedral at the site; it was consecrated in November 1058.[3] The cathedral was constructed over the crypt of the former church. It has been reported that a Viscount of Barcelona, Mir Geribert, sold the site to Bishop Guislebert in 1058,[7] though however, this date does not coincide with the reported start of construction.

The present Gothic cathedral was begun on the foundations of the previous churches on 1 May 1298; James II the Just was King of Aragon at the time, and Bernat Pelegri was Bishop of Barcelona. The church was built from the east end towards the west end, with a simple west façade completed in 1417. The cloister was completed in 1448, making the total duration of construction 150 years. In the late nineteenth century, Miguel Girona i Agrafel offered to complete the neo-Gothic façade and central tower as inspired by the original fifteenth-century design prepared by master Carlí and rearranged and drawn by the architect Josep O. Mestres. This work was completed in 1913 by Girona's children.[3]

Christ of Lepanto over the tomb of St. Olegarius
  • The façade in year 1850 by Jenaro Pérez Villaamil, published in the work España artística y monumental.
    The façade in year 1850 by Jenaro Pérez Villaamil, published in the work España artística y monumental.
  • The reform of the façade at the commencement of the build in 1890.
    The reform of the façade at the commencement of the build in 1890.
  • The façade with the lateral towers, around 1900.
    The façade with the lateral towers, around 1900.
  • Reform of the façade completed in 1913.
    Reform of the façade completed in 1913.[8]

Chapel of Lepanto

The Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and of the Holy Christ of Lepanto is a small side chapel constructed by Arnau Bargués in 1407, as the chapterhouse. It was rebuilt in the seventeenth century to house the tomb of San Olegarius, Bishop of Barcelona, and Archbishop of Tarragona.

The "Holy Christ of Lepanto" crucifix, is located on the upper part of the chapel entrance's front façade. The curved shape of the body, of Our Lord Jesus Christ on the Cross, is explained by a Catalan legend which holds that the cross was carried on the prow of the galley captained by Juan of Austria, step-brother of Spanish Philip II of Spain during the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. When a cannonball flew toward the cross, it leaned out of the way in order to avoid being hit, and has been inclined ever since.[9] The Habsburgs were said to have regarded this as an encouraging omen.

A separate story says that the cross was in the ship's hold and that the figure moved to cover a large hole that would have sunk the ship.[10]

Traditions
  • The tradition of the 'dancing egg' (supported by the jet of a fountain) is maintained on the day of Corpus Christi at the cathedral.

Present day

The cathedral has been updated in response to an increasing number of tourists. The cloister now contains a gift shop, the traditional candles normally lit at the shrines of saints have been replaced with electronic candles, and cellular phones have been banned from the Chapel of Lepanto and other chapels.[11]

Images
  • Cathedral plan
    Cathedral plan
  • Illustration of the main altar (1839)
    Illustration of the main altar (1839)
  • Main portal
    Main portal
  • Door in the cloister
    Door in the cloister
  • Chapel of Lady of the Rosebush
    Chapel of Lady of the Rosebush
  • Santa Eulàlia's Crypt
    Santa Eulàlia's Crypt
  • Cloister
    Cloister
  • Geese in the cloister
    Geese in the cloister
  • Choir seats at the Cathedral
    Choir seats at the Cathedral
  • The Fountain in the Atrium of the Santa Eulàlia
    The Fountain in the Atrium of the Santa Eulàlia
  • The Cathedral garden
    The Cathedral garden
  • Gargoyle
    Gargoyle
  • Tomb of Saint Raymond of Penyafort
    Tomb of Saint Raymond of Penyafort
  • Scale model of the cathedral, at the Catalunya en Miniatura park
    Scale model of the cathedral, at the Catalunya en Miniatura park
  • Bell Tower with stair turret above the door of Saint Ivo.
    Bell Tower with stair turret above the door of Saint Ivo.
  • Barcelona Cathedral at night
    Barcelona Cathedral at night

See also

References
  1. "962 aniversari de la Dedicació de la Catedral de Barcelona" [962th Anniversary of the Dedication of Barcelona Cathedral]. Església Arxidiocesana de Barcelona (in Catalan). 19 November 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  2. Though sometimes inaccurately so-called, the famous Sagrada Família is not a cathedral
  3. "Home". catedralbcn.org.
  4. Edward Steese, "The Great Churches of Catalonia" Parnassus 7.3 (March, 1935:9-12) p. 9.
  5. Patterson, Margot (1 April 2004). "To build a cathedral is immense, crazy work". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
  6. Detailed in Juan Bassegoda Nonell, La catedral de Barcelona: su restoración 1968-1972 (Barcelona).
  7. F. Carreras Candi La Ciutat de Barcelona
  8. "History", catedralbcn.org
  9. This is said to have inspired the Habsburg forces to victory.O'Shea, Henry. A Guide to Spain, London, Spottiswoode and Co., 1865
  10. "Holy Christ of Lepanto", Catedral de Barcelona
  11. Administrator. "Catedral de Barcelona". www.catedralbcn.org. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
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