Cebuano numbers

The Cebuano numbers are the system of number names used in Cebuano to express quantities and other information related to numbers. Cebuano has two number systems: the native system and the Spanish-derived system. The native system is mostly used for counting small numbers, basic measurement, and for other pre-existing native concepts that deals with numbers. Meanwhile, the Spanish-derived system is mainly used for concepts that only existed post-colonially such as counting large numbers, currency, solar time, and advanced mathematics.

History

Unlike other Philippine languages, the native number system of Cebuano was derived solely from the non-human forms of Proto-Austronesian numerals instead of a combination of both human and non-human numerals, such as in Tagalog and Hiligaynon.[1] The numbers were first recorded by chronicler Antonio Pigafetta during Magellan's expedition.[2]

Cebuano Numbers as recorded by Antonio Pigafetta (1521)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
uzza dua tolo upat lima onom pitto gualu ciam polo

Types

The native numbers are categorized into four types: cardinal, ordinal, distributive, and multiplicative (also referred to as "viceral" or "adverbial").[3] The multiples of ten are formed by attaching the circumfix "ka-ø-an" (e.g. kawaloan). Those that are within the 20-60 range undergo the process of metathesis and syncope (e.g. katloan, from katuloan).

Cardinal
Number Native Spanish-derived
1 usá uno
2 duhá dos
3 tuló tres
4 upát kwatro
5 limá singku
6 unóm says
7 pitó syete, siti
8 waló otso
9 siyám nuybi
10 napulò, pulò dyis
11 napúlog usá onse
12 napúlog duhá dose
13 napúlog tuló trese
14 napúlog upát katórse
15 napúlog limá kinse
16 napúlog unóm diyesiséys, disisays
17 napúlog pitó diyesisiyete, disisiti
18 napúlog waló diyesiyotso, disiutsu
19 napúlog siyám diyesinwebe, disinuybi
20 kaluháan (kaduháan) beynte, baynti
21 kaluháag usá beyntiwuno, bayntiuno
22 kaluháag duhá beyntidos, bayntidus
23 kaluháag tuló beyntitres, bayntitris
24 kaluháag upát beyntikwatro, bayntikwatru
25 kaluháag limá beyntisingko, bayntisingku
30 katlóan (katulóan) treynta, traynta, trinta
40 kap-atan (kaupátan) kwarénta, kwarinta
50 kalím-an (kalimáan) sinkwénta, singkwinta
60 kan-óman (kaunóman) sesenta, sisinta
70 kapitóan seténta, sitinta
80 kawalóan otsénta, utsinta
90 kasiyáman nobénta
100 usá ka gatós siyén, siyento
200 duhá ka gatós dosiyéntos, dosentos
300 tuló ka gatós tresiyéntos, tresentos
400 upát ka gatós kwatrosiyéntos, kwatrosentos
500 limá ka gatós kiniyéntos, kinyentos
1,000 usá ka libo, libo mil
5,000 limá ka libo singko mil
10,000 usá ka laksà, napulò ka libo dyis mil
50,000 limá ka laksà, kalím-an ka libo singkwenta mil
100,000 usá ka yaba,[4] usá ka gatós ka líbo siyén mil
1,000,000 usá ka yukót[5] milyón
1,000,000,000 usá ka wakát bilyón (US-influence, common), mil milyones (rare)

Like other Visayan languages, cardinal numbers are linked to the noun with the ligature ka.

usa ka tawo a/one person
kaluhaan ug usa ka bulan twenty-one months

Ordinal

Ordinal numbers in Cebuano are formed using the ika- prefix, except una.

Number Cebuano
1st una
2nd ikaduhá
3rd ikatuló
4th ikaupát
5th ikalimá
6th ikaunóm
7th ikapitó
8th ikawaló
9th ikasiyám
10th ikanapulò, ikapulò
11th ikanapúlog-usá
20th ikakaluháan
21st ikakaluháag-usá
25th ikakaluháag-limá
30th ikakatlóan
40th ikakap-atan
50th ikakalím-an
60th ikakan-óman
70th ikakapitóan
80th ikakawalóan
90th ikakasiyáman
100th ikagatós
200th ikaduhá ka gatós
500th ikalimá ka gatós
1,000th ikalibo
5,000th ikalimá ka libo
10,000th ikalaksà, ikanapulò ka libo
50,000th ikalimá ka laksà, ikakalím-an ka libo
100,000th ikayaba
1,000,000th ikayukót
1,000,000,000th ikawakát

Distributive

Distributive numbers in Cebuano are formed by attaching the tag- prefix to the numerical root. Irregular words may be formed depending on the number being attached to.

Number Cebuano
1 tagsa
2 tagurha
3 tagutlo
4 tag-upat
5 tagilma
6 tag-unom
7 tagpito
8 tagwalo
9 tagsiyam
10 tagnapulò, tagpulò
11 tagnapúlog-usá
20 tagkaluháan
21 tagkaluháag-usá
25 tagkaluháag-limá
30 tagkatlóan
40 tagkap-atan
50 tagkalím-an
60 tagkan-óman
70 tagkapitóan
80 tagkawalóan
90 tagkasiyáman
100 taggatós
200 tagurha ka gatós
500 tagilma ka gatós
1,000 taglibo
5,000 tagilma ka libo
10,000 taglaksà, tagnapulò ka libo
50,000 tagilma ka laksà, tagkalím-an ka libo
100,000 tagyaba
1,000,000 tagyukót
1,000,000,000 tagwakát

Multiplicative

Multiplicative (or viceral) numbers in Cebuano are formed using the ka- prefix. The prefixes "naka-" and "maka-" may also be used to specify if the number is used in the nasugdan or pagasugdan aspect, respectively.

Number Cebuano
1 (once) kausá, kás-a
2 (twice) kaduhá
3 (thrice) katuló
4 kaupát
5 kalimá
6 kaunóm
7 kapitó
8 kawaló
9 kasiyám
10 kanapulò, kapulò
11 kanapúlog-usá
20 kakaluháan
21 kakaluháag-usá
25 kakaluháag-limá
30 kakatlóan
40 kakap-atan
50 kakalím-an
60 kakan-óman
70 kakapitóan
80 kakawalóan
90 kakasiyáman
100 kagatós
200 kaduhá ka gatós
500 kalimá ka gatós
1,000 kalibo
5,000 kalimá ka libo
10,000 kalaksà, kanapulò ka libo
50,000 kalimá ka laksà, kakalím-an ka libo
100,000 kayaba
1,000,000 kayukót
1,000,000,000 kawakát

See also

References
  1. Blust, R. A. (2009). The Austronesian languages (PDF) (Revised ed.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 278. ISBN 9780858836020.
  2. Pigafetta, Antonio (1894). Il Primo Viaggio Intorno al Globo di Antonio Pigafetta, e le Sue Regole sull'Arte del Navigare; Giraloamo Benzoni e la Sua Historia del Mondo Nuovo (in Italian). p. 83.
  3. Encina, Francisco (1801). "Chapter 24". Arte de la lengua zebuana (in Spanish and Cebuano). p. 569.
  4. Encarnación, Juan Félix (1885). Diccionario bisaya español [Texto impreso] (in Spanish and Cebuano). p. 428.
  5. San Jerónimo, Tomás (1686). Arte de la lengua visaya (in Spanish). p. 174.
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