Celtic toponymy

• Bregenz, Vorarlberg, Latin Brigantium : from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)
• Wien, English Vienna, Latin Vindobona : from Celtic *windo- 'white' (Welsh gwyn) + *bona 'base, foundation' (Welsh bôn 'base, bottom, stump', Irish bun 'bottom, base')

• Ardennes, Latin Arduenna Silva : from divine name Arduinna : from Celtic *ardu- 'high' (Irish ard) + Latin silva 'forest'
• Ghent : from divine name Gontia

• Košťany, originally Costen, from Celtic (Cornish) costean 'tin mine'

Most of the main cities in France have a Celtic name (the original Gaulish one or the name of the Gaulish tribe).

• Amiens : from Ambiani, a Celtic tribe, replaces Samarobriva 'bridge on the river Somme'
• Angers : from Andecavi, a Celtic tribe, replaces Juliomagus 'market place dedicated to Julius'
• Argentan : from Argentomagus 'silver market', based on arganto- 'silver' cognate to Old Welsh argant > ariant, Old Breton argant > Breton arc'hant 'silver' + magos 'market'
  • several places called Argenton
• Argentorate, now Strasbourg
• Arles : from Arelate
• Arras : from Atrebates, a Celtic tribe, replaces Nemetacum, nemeto- 'sacred place' + suffix -acon
• Augustonemetum, now Clermont-Ferrand
• Autun : from Augustodunum, 'town dedicated to Augustus'
• Bayeux : from Badiocassi / Bodiocassi, a Celtic tribe, replaces Augustodurum. 'forum dedicated to Augustus'
• Bourges : from Biturigi, a Celtic tribe, replaces Avaricum
• Briançon < Brigantium, from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)
  • several places called Briançon
• Brive < Briva 'bridge'
  • several places called Brives
• Caen < Catumagos : from Old Celtic *catu- 'battle' 'fight' 'combat', Old Irish cath 'battle, battalion, troop', Breton -kad /-gad, Welsh cad 'combat, troop'; 'mago- 'field, plain', Old Irish magh. The general meaning seems to be 'battlefield'[4]
  • several places called Cahan, Cahon
• Cahors
• Carentan : from Carentomagus
  • several places called Charenton, etc.
• Chambord
  • several places called Chambord, Chambors, Chambourg
• Chartres : from Carnuti, name of a Celtic tribe, replaces Autricum
• Condom : from Condatomagus
  • other place : Condom-d'Aubrac
• Divodurum (Latin), now Metz, Lorraine, from Celtic *diwo- 'god, holy, divine' (Scottish Gaelic dia 'god') + **duro- 'fort'
• Douvres (also the French name of Dover) from Celtic dubron, dubra 'water'
  • several places called Douvres
• Drevant : from Derventum, Celtic dervo 'oak tree' + suffix -entu
• Évreux : from Eburovici replaces Mediolanum (see below)
• Issoudun
• Jort : from Divoritum 'ford on the river Dives' (Dives from Celtic *dewo 'stream')
• Lillebonne : from Juliobona 'foundation dedicated to Julius'
• Limoges
• Lisieux < (Civitas) Lexoviensis; former Noviomagus[5] 'new market', Old Celtic *noviios 'new', *magos 'field, plain'.
• Lyon, Rhône, Latin Lugdunum : from Celtic *lug- 'Lugus' (divine name) or perhaps 'light' + *dūnon 'fortress'
  • several places called Lugdunum : Laon, Lion-en-Beauce, Loudun, Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, etc.
• Mediolanum : from Celtic
  • several places called Meillant, Meulan, etc.
• Nant
  • several places called Nant, Nans
• Nantes
• Nanteuil
  • several places called Nanteuil, Nantheuil, Nampteuil, Nanteau..
• Nanterre (Nemptu doro 5th century) : from nemeto- 'sacred place' + duro- 'gate', 'forum'
• Noyon, Latin Noviomagus Veromanduorum, from Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd) + *magos 'field, plain'
  • several places called Noviomagus : Nouvion, Noyen, Nyons, Nijon, Nojeon, Lisieux, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, etc.
• Oissel
  • several places called Oisseau, Ussel, etc.
• Orange : from Arausio, a water god
• Paris : from Parisii (Gaul), name of a Celtic tribe, replaces Lukotekia / Lutetia
• Périgueux / Périgord : from Petrocorii 'the four armies'
• Pierremande < Petromantalum < petro-mantalo- 'four road' = 'crossing'
• Rennes : from Redones, a Celtic tribe, replaces Condate
  • several places called Condé, Condat, Candé, etc.
• Riom : from Rigomagus
• Rouen < Rotomagus,[6] sometimes Ratómagos or Ratumacos (on the coins of the Veliocassi tribe). It can be roto-, the word for 'wheel' or 'race', cf. Old Irish roth 'wheel' 'race' or Welsh rhod 'wheel' 'race'. Magos is surer here : 'field', 'plain' or later 'market' cf. Old Irish mag (gen. maige) 'field' 'plain', Old Breton ma 'place'. The whole thing could mean 'hippodrome', 'racecourse' or 'wheel market'.[7]
  • several places called Rouans, Ruan, Rom, etc.
• Vandœuvre < *vindo-briga 'white fortress'
  • several places called Vandœuvres, Vendeuvre, Vendœuvres
• Verdun, Virodunum or Verodunum, from Celtic *uiro-, *uero- 'high' and *dūnon 'hill, fortress'
  • several places called Verdun
• Verneuil : from verno- + ialo- 'clearing, plain with alder-trees'
  • several places called Verneuil
• Vernon < Vernomagus. There are other Vernons in France, but they come directly from Vernō 'place of the alder-trees'. 'plain of the alder-trees'. uernā 'alder-tree', Old Irish fern, Breton, Welsh gwern, dial. French verne / vergne.
  • several places called Vernon
• Veuves : from vidua 'forest' Voves, Vion
  • several places called Voves, Vove
• Vion : from Vidumagus 'forest market'
  • several places called Vion, Vions

• Alzenau

From Celtic *alisa, s.f., 'alder'. (Compare the modern German Erlenbach) and Old High German (OHG) aha, s.n., 'flowing water'.

• de Amarahe (?), a lost river name near Fulda c. 800 CE
• Amerbach, a stream near Groß-Umstadt, Babenhausen, Ober-Ramstadt
• Ammer
• Ammerbach
• Ammergraben, a stream near Harpertshausen
• Amorbach, a stream near Mümling and the village named after it.
• Amorsbrunn
• Wald-Amorbach < Perhaps from Celtic *ambara, 'channel, river'. Compare Indo-European *amer-, 'channel, river' > Greek ἀμάρη (amárē), 'channel'. Or, from Celtic *amara, 'spelt, a type of grain'.
• Annelsbach a suburb of Höchst
• Ansbach in Mittelfranken originally Onoltesbah 837 CE : from Celtic *onno-, 'ash tree' plus an OHG bach, 'small river'.
• Boiodurum, now Innstadt, Passau, Niederbayern : first element is Celtic *Boio-, tribal name (Boii), possibly 'cattle-owner' (cf. Irish bó 'cow') or 'warrior'. Second element is Celtic *duro- 'fort'.
• Bonn : from Celtic *bona 'base, foundation' (Welsh bôn 'base, bottom, stump')
• Boppard : from Gaulish Boudobriga, "hill of victory". Containing the elements *boudo- 'victory' (Welsh budd 'gain, benefit') + *briga, 'hill'.
• Düren, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Latin Durum : from Celtic *duro- 'fort'
• Hercynia Silva (Latin), a vast forest including the modern Black Forest : from Celtic *(φ)erkunos 'oak' or divine name Perkwunos + Latin silva 'forest'
• Kempten im Allgäu, Bavaria, Latin Cambodūnum : Celtic cambodūnom, *cambo- 'curved, bent, bowed, crooked', dūnon 'fortress'
• Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Moguntiacum : from Celtic *mogunt-, 'mighty, great, powerful', used as a divine name (see Mogons) + Celtic suffix -(i)acon
• Meggingen : from Celtic *mago- 'plain, field'
• Neumagen-Dhron, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Noviomagus Trevirorum
• Noviomagus Nemetum (Latin), now Speyer, Rheinland-Pfalz : from Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd) + *magos 'field, plain'
• Remagen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Rigomagus or Ricomagus : second element is from Celtic *magos 'field, plain'. The first may be a variant of Celtic *rigi- 'king, chief of *touta'
• Tübingen : maybe hybrid form comprising a Celtic element and a Germanic suffix -ingen.[8] The element tub- in Tübingen could possibly arise from a Celtic dubo-, s.m., 'dark, black; sad; wild'. As found in the Anglo-Irish placenames of Dublin, Devlin, Dowling, Doolin and Ballindoolin. Perhaps the reference is to the darkness of the river waters that flow near the town cf. river Doubs (France) and Dove (GB); if so, then the name can be compared to Tubney, Tubbanford, Tub Hole in England. Compare the late Vulgar Latin tubeta 'morass', from Gaulish. The root is found in Old Irish dub > Irish dubh, Old Welsh dub > Welsh du, Old Cornish duw > Middle Cornish du, Breton du, Gaulish dubo-, dubis, all meaning 'black; dark'
• Worms, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Borbetomagus : second element from Celtic *magos, 'plain, field', first perhaps related to Old Irish borb 'fierce, violent, rough, arrogant; foolish'

• Hercynium jugum (Latin) : from Celtic *(φ)erkunos 'oak' or divine name Perkwunos + Latin jugum 'summit'

• Brianza, Lombardy, Latin Brigantia : from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)
• Genova, Liguria, English Genoa, Latin Genua : Perhaps from Celtic *genu- 'mouth [of a river]'. (However, this Ligurian place-name, as well as that of Genava (modern Geneva), probably derive the Proto-Indo-European root *ĝenu- 'knee'.[9])
• Milano, Lombardy, English Milan, Latin Mediolanum : from Celtic medio- 'middle, central' > Old Irish mide 'middle, centre', Old Breton med, met > Breton mez 'middle', etc.[10] and *ɸlan- > *lan-, a Celtic cognate of Latin plānus 'plain', with typical Celtic loss of /p/ or *ɸlānos > Old Irish lán, Welsh llawn, Breton leun 'full'[10]
• Belluno, Veneto, Latin Bellunum : from Celtic **Bhel- 'bright' and *dūnon 'fortress'.
• Bergamo, Lombardy, Latin Bergomum : from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)
• Brescia, Lombardy, Latin Brixia : from Celtic *briga- 'rocky height or outcrop'.
• Bologna, Emilia Romagna, Latin Bononia : from Celtic **bona 'base, foundation' (Welsh bôn 'base, bottom, stump')

• Lugdunum Batavorum (Latin), now Katwijk, Zuid-Holland : from Celtic *lug- 'Lugus' (divine name) or perhaps 'light' + *dūnon 'fortress'
• Nijmegen, Gelderland, Latin Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum : from Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd) + *magos 'field, plain'

• Lugidunum (Latin), now Legnica, Silesia : second element from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'

• Braga, Braga Municipality, Portugal : from Celtic *bracari- after the Bracari Celts.
• Bragança, Alto Trás-os-Montes, Portugal : from Celtic *brigant- 'divine name, Brigantia'.
• Beira : from Celtic *beira- Cailleach/ Cale's other name Cailleach-Bheura or Beira, the Celtic Goddess of mountains, water and Winter. Three Portuguese provinces: Beira-Baixa, Beira-Alta and Beira-Litoral
• Vale de Cambra, Portugal : from Celtic *cambra- 'chamber, room'.[11]
• Conímbriga, Coimbra, Portugal : from Celtic *briga- 'rocky height or outcrop'.
• Évora, Alentejo, Portugal : from Celtic *ebora- 'plural genitive of the word eburos (trees)'.
• Lacobriga, Algarve, Portugal : from Celtic *Lacobriga- 'Lake of Briga'.

• Băișoara and other sites in Transylvania
• Boian in Sibiu, Boianu Mare in Bihor County, villages coming from Boii
• Călan city in Hunedoara.
• Deva, capital of Hunedoara, originally a city of the Dacians
• Galați
• Noviodunum now Isaccea means "new fortress" *nowijo- + *dūn-.
• Timiș River in Banat.

• Singidunum (Latin), now Beograd, English Belgrade : second element from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'

• Celje, Latinized Celeia in turn from *keleia, meaning 'shelter' in Celtic
• Neviodunum (Latin), now Drnovo : second element from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'

• Deva, several rivers in northern Spain, and Pontedeva, Galicia, Spain : from Celtic *diwā- 'goddess; holy, divine'
• Mons Vindius (now the Cantabrian Mountains), NW Spain : from Celtic *windo- 'white'.

• Segovia, Castile and León, Spain, Greek Segoubía : from *segu-, conjectured to be Celtic for 'victorious', 'strength' or 'dry' (theories).

• Tambre, a river in Galicia (Spain), Latin Tamaris : possibly from Celtic *tames- 'dark' (cf. Celtic *temeslos > Welsh tywyll 'darkness'). Other theories.
• O Grove, Medieval Latin Ogrobre 912:[12] from Celtic *ok-ro- 'acute; promontory'[13] and Celtic *brigs 'hill'.
• Bergantiños, Medieval Latin Bregantinos 830 : from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated', or divine name Brigantia, or from Celtic *brigantīnos 'chief, king'.[14]
• Dumbría, Medieval Latin Donobria 830 : from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress' + Celtic **brīwa 'bridge'.
• Val do Dubra and Dubra River, Galicia : from Celtic *dubr- 'water', *dubrās 'waters' (Welsh dwfr).
• Monforte de Lemos (region), Latin Lemavos, after the local tribe of the Lemavi : from Celtic *lemo- 'elm' + suffix -avo.
• Nendos (region), Medieval Latin Nemitos 830 : from Celtic *nemeton 'sanctuary'.
• Noia, Galicia, Spain, Greek Nouion:[15] from Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd).

Switzerland, especially the Swiss Plateau, has many Celtic (Gaulish) toponyms. This old layer of names was overlaid with Latin names in the Gallo-Roman period,[16] and, from the medieval period, with Alemannic German[17] and Romance[18] names.

For some names, there is uncertainty as to whether they are Gaulish or Latin in origin. In some rare cases, such as Frick, Switzerland, there have even been competing suggestions of Gaulish, Latin and Alemannic etymologies.[19]

Examples of toponyms with established Gaulish etymology:

• Solothurn, from Salodurum. The *-durum element means "doors, gates; palisade; town". The etymology of the *salo- element is unclear.
• Thun, Bern: *dunum "fort"
• Windisch, Aargau, Latin Vindonissa: first element from *windo- "white"
• Winterthur, Zürich, Latin Vitudurum or Vitodurum, from *vitu "willow" and *durum
• Yverdon-les-Bains, from Eburodunum, from *eburo- "yew" and *dunum "fort".[20]
• Zürich, Latin Turicum, from a Gaulish personal name Tūros
• Limmat, from Lindomagos "lake-plain", originally the name of the plain formed by the Linth and Lake Zurich.

Place names in England derived partly or wholly from Goidelic languages include:

• Cambois, Northumberland, possibly from Old Irish cambas ("bay, creek")[21]
• Carperby, Yorkshire containing the Irish Gaelic given-name Cairpe[22]
• Dovenby, from personal name Dufan of Irish origin (OIr 'Dubhán')
• Dunmallard, Cumberland, possibly from Middle Irish *dùn-mallacht ("fort of curses")[23]
• Fixby, from the Gaelic Irish personal name Fiach
• Glassonby, from the Irish personal name Glassan
• Liscard, Cheshire, possibly from Irish Gaelic lios na carraige meaning "fort of the rock".[24]
• Malmesbury, from the Irish founder of the abbey Máel Dub
• Melmerby, Yorkshire, from the Old Irish personal name Máel Muire

Place names that directly reference the Irish include Irby, Irby upon Humber, Ireby and Ireleth.

The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicized Irish language names.

The majority of placenames in the Highlands of Scotland (part of the United Kingdom) are either Scottish Gaelic or anglicized Scottish Gaelic. Gaelic-derived placenames are very common in the rest of mainland Scotland also. Pictish-derived placenames can be found in the northeast, while Brythonic-derived placenames can be found in the south.

The majority of placenames on the Isle of Man (a Crown dependency) are Manx or anglicized Manx.

Evidence for a Celtic root to place names in England is widely strengthened by early monastic charters, chronicles and returns: examples relate to Leatherhead and Lichfield. To describe a place as of the Celts, the Old English wealh becoming Wal/Wall/Welsh is often used. This was the main Germanic term for Romano-Celtic peoples, such as the Britons. Such names are a minority, but are widespread across England. For example, a smattering of villages around the heart and east of The Fens hint at this: West Walton, Walsoken, and the Walpoles indicate their continued presence. Nearby Wisbech, King's Lynn and Chatteris have Celtic topographical elements.

• Arden (forest of), Warwickshire

From Celtic *ardu- 'high' (Irish ard)

• Avon (river), Gloucestershire/Wiltshire/Somerset
• Avon (river), Wiltshire/Hampshire/Dorset
• Avon (river), Northamptonshire/Warwickshire/Worcestershire/Gloucestershire
• Avon or Aune (river), Devon

From Brythonic *abona 'river' (Welsh afon)

• Axe (river), Devon/Dorset
• Axe (river), Somerset
• Axminster, Devon
• Axmouth, Devon

From Celtic *iska 'water' (Irish uisce)

• Brean, Somerset
• Bredon, Worcestershire
• Breedon on the Hill, Leicestershire
• Brewood, Staffordshire
• Brill, Buckinghamshire

First element from Celtic *briga 'hill'

• Brent (river), Greater London
• Brentford, Greater London

From Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)

• Bryn, Greater Manchester

Derived from Welsh bryn, 'hill'.

• Camulodunum (Latin), now Colchester, Essex

From *kamulos 'Camulus' (divine name) + Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'

• Creech St Michael, Somerset
• Crewkerne, Somerset
• Crich, Derbyshire
• Cricket St Thomas, Somerset
• Crickheath, Shropshire
• Cricklade, Wiltshire

First element from Brythonic *crüg 'hill'[25] (Irish cruach)

• Crewe, Cheshire

From Old Welsh *criu 'river crossing'

• Dever (river), Hampshire
• Deverill (river), Wiltshire
• Devon, Latin Dumnonia

First two possibly linked. Latter from tribal name Dumnonii or Dumnones, from Celtic *dumno- 'deep', 'world'

• Dover, Kent, Latin Dubris
• Andover, Hampshire
• Wendover, Buckinghamshire

From Celtic *dubr- 'water', *dubrās 'waters' (Welsh dwfr; Breton dour)

• Durham, County Durham, Latin Dunelm

First element is possibly dun, ' hill fort' (Welsh ddin, 'fort').

• Durobrivae (Latin), now Rochester, Kent and Water Newton, Cambridgeshire
• Durovernum Cantiacorum (Latin), now Canterbury, Kent

First element from Celtic *duro- 'fort'; in Dūrobrīvae, Celtic *brīwa 'bridge'

• Eskeleth, North Yorkshire

Possibly derived from Brythonic *iska, 'water, fish' and *leith, 'damp, wet'.

• Exe (river), Devon/Somerset
• Nether Exe, Devon
• Up Exe, Devon
• Exebridge, Devon
• Exford, Somerset
• Exeter, Devon, Latin Isca Dumnoniorum
• Exminster, Devon
• Exmouth, Devon
• Exton, Somerset
• Exwick, Devon

From Celtic *iska 'water' (Irish uisce); second element in Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter) is a tribal name (see Devon) Frome from the Brythonic word Frama meaning fair, fine or brisk.

• Leatherhead, Surrey

From Brythonic *lēd- [from Celtic *leito-] + *rïd- [from Celtic *(φ)ritu-] = "Grey Ford"[25]

• Lincoln, Lincolnshire, Latin Lindum Colonia

From Celtic *lindo- 'pool' + Latin colonia 'colony'

• Manchester, Latin Mamucium or Mancunium

From Celtic *mamm- 'breast' (referring to the shape of a hill)

• Noviomagus (Latin), now Chichester, West Sussex and Crayford, Kent

From Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd) + *magos 'field, plain'

• Pen y Ghent, Yorkshire

Equivalent with Welsh pen-y-gant ("summit of the border") or pen-y-gynt ("summit of the heathen").[23]

• Pengethley, Herefordshire

From Brythonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh pen) + possibly *kelli 'to stand' (Welsh gelli)

• Pencoyd, Herefordshire
• Penge, Greater London
• Penketh, Cheshire

From Brythonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh pen) + *koid- 'wood' (Welsh coed), or *cēd- 'wood'[25]

• Pencraig, Herefordshire
• Pendlebury, Greater Manchester
• Pendleton, Lancashire
• Pendock, Worcestershire

First element from Brythonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh pen 'head, end, chief, supreme') = Irish ceann 'head', from Proto-Celtic *k^wenno-

• Penn, Buckinghamshire
• Penn, West Midlands

From Brythonic *penn- 'hill' (Welsh pen)

• Lower Penn, Staffordshire

From English lower + Brythonic *penn- 'hill'

• Penshaw, Sunderland

From Brythonic *penn- 'hill' and possibly p-Celtic *carr 'rocks'. This matches the earliest attestation from c. 1190, Pencher.

Old Sarum, Wiltshire, Latin Sorviodūnum Second element from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'

• Segedunum (Latin), now Wallsend, Tyne and Wear

First element conjectured to be Celtic for 'victorious', 'strength' or 'dry' (theories). Second element is Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'.

• Sinodun Hills, south Oxfordshire

From Celtic *seno- 'old' + *dūnon 'fortress'

• Tamar (river), Devon/Cornwall
• Tame (river), Greater Manchester
• Tame (river), North Yorkshire
• Tame (river), West Midlands
• Team (river), Tyne and Wear
• Teme (river), Welsh Tefeidiad, Wales/Shropshire/Worcestershire
• Thames (river), Latin Tamesis

Possibly from Celtic *tames- 'dark' (cf. Celtic *temeslos > Welsh tywyll 'darkness'). Other theories.

• Trinovantum (Latin), now London

'Of the Trinovantes', a tribal name, perhaps 'very energetic people' from Celtic *tri- (intensive) + *now- 'energetic', related to *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd)

• Verulamium (Latin), now St Albans, Hertfordshire

From Brittonic *weru- 'broad' + *lam- 'hand' [from Celtic *(φ)lāmā] (Welsh llaw, Irish láimh)

• Vindobala (Latin), Roman fort in Northumberland
• Vindolanda (Latin), Roman fort in Northumberland
• Vindomora (Latin), Roman fort in County Durham.

First element from Celtic *windo- 'white' (Welsh gwyn); in Vindolanda, Celtic *landā 'land, place' (Welsh llan). In Vindomora, second element could be 'sea' (Welsh môr, Irish muir).

• Wigan, Greater Manchester
• York, Greek Ebōrakon, Latin Eboracum or Eburacum from Celtic *eburo- 'yew'

The post-6th century AD Brittonic languages of Northern England and Scotland were Cumbric and Pictish. Cumbric place-names are found in Scotland south of the River Forth,[23] while Pictish names are found to the north.[26]

• Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire

From **aber ("river mouth").[27]

• Applecross, Ross-shire

Formerly Abercrosan, from aber ("river mouth").[27]

• Arran

Possibly equivalent to Middle Welsh aran ("high place").[28]

• Aviemore, Inverness-shire

An Aghaidh Mhòr in Gaelic, possibly involving Brittonic *ag- ("a cleft").[29]

• Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire

Lomond is equivalent to Welsh llumon ("beacon").[23]

• Blantyre, Lanarkshire

Equivalent to Welsh blaen ("extremes, source, front") + tir ("land").[23]

• Blebo, Fife

Formerly Bladebolg, from Brittonic *blawd ("meal") + *bolg ("sack").[30]

• Burnturk, Fife

Formerly Brenturk, equivalent to Welsh bryntwrch ("boar hill").[27]

• Dallas, Moray

Equivalent to Welsh dôl ("haugh, meadow") + gwas ("abode").[27]

• Darnaway, Moray

Ultimately from ancient Brittonic Taranumagos ("tunder-plain").[27]

• Daviot, Inverness-shire

Perhaps from Brittonic *dem- meaning "sure, strong".[29]

• Dull, Perthshire

Equivalent to Welsh dôl ("haugh, meadow").[27]

• Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire

Possibly equivalent to Welsh eglwysfechan ("small church").[23]

• Edinburgh, Midlothian

From Din Ediyn, from a Brittonic form meaning "fort of Ediyn" (c.f. Welsh din).

• Esslemont, Aberdeenshire

Equivalent to Welsh iselfynydd ("low hill").[27]

• Glasgo, Aberdeenshire

See Glasgow, Lanarkshire below.[27]

• Glasgow, Lanarkshire

Equivalent to Welsh glascau ("blue hollow").[27]

• Hebrides

Ebudes in Ptolemy (c. 140 AD), possibly from ancient Brittonic ep- ("a horse"; c.f. Welsh ebol).[31]

• Keith, Banffshire

Equivalent to Welsh coed ("wood, forest").[27]

• Lanark, Lanarkshire

Equivalent to Welsh llanerch ("a glade").[23]

• Landrick, Perthshire

See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[32]

• Lanrick, Perthshire

See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[32]

• Lauder, Berwickshire

Equivalent either to Middle Breton louazr or Welsh llawedrawr.[23]

• Lendrick, Kinross-shire.

See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[32]

• Lendrick, Perthshire

See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[32]

• Lomond Hills, Fife

See Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire.[30]

• Mayish, Arran

Possibly from Brittonic maɣes ("field"; Welsh maes).[33]

• Meggernie, Perthshire

From an element cognate with Welsh migwernydd ("boggy meadow").[27]

• Methven, Perthshire

Equivalent to Welsh meddfaen ("meadstone").[27]

• Midmar, Aberdeenshire

Equivalent to Welsh mig(n) ("bog, swamp") + Marr (a district name).[27]

• Migvie, Aberdeenshire

Equivalent to Welsh mig(n) ("bog, swamp").[27]

• Mounth, Perthshire, Angus and Aberdeenshire

Equivalent to Welsh mynydd ("mountain, moor, hill").[26]

• Ochil Hills, Fife

Probably from Common Brittonic *okelon ("a ridge").[26]

• Orchy, Argyll (river)

In Gaelic Urchaidh, from ancient Brittonic are-cētia ("on the wood").[27]

• Panbride, Angus

From pant ("a hollow").[27]

• Panlathy, Angus

From pant ("a hollow").[32]

• Panmure, Angus

Equivalent to Welsh pantmawr ("big hollow").[27]

• Pendewen, Angus

First element is possibly equivalent to Welsh pen ("head, top, summit, source").[32]

• Penicuik, Midlothian

Equivalent to Welsh pen-y-cog ("summit of the cuckoo").[23]

• Pennan, Aberdeenshire

Probably equivalent to Welsh pen ("head, top, summit, source").

• Pennygant Hill, Roxburghshire

See Pen y Ghent, Yorkshire, England.[23]

• Perth, Perthshire

Probably equivalent to Welsh perth ("bush").

• Pinderachy, Anugs

First element is possibly equivalent to Welsh pen ("head, top, summit, source").[32]

• Pinnel, Fife

Possibly equivalent to Welsh pen ("head, top, summit, source").[30]

• Pulrossie, Sutherland

Possibly equivalent to Welsh pwllrhos ("promontory pool").[34]

• Rattray, Aberdeenshire

Equivalent to Welsh rhawdtref ("ramparts town").[27]

• Urquhart, Ross-shire

Formerly Airdchartdan, equivalent to Middle Welsh ar-cardden ("on the enclosure").[27]

• Yell, Shetland

Probably from Common Brittonic iâla ("unfruitful land, pasture").[35]

The vast majority of placenames in Wales (part of the United Kingdom) are either Welsh or anglicized Welsh.

The vast majority of placenames in Cornwall are either Cornish or anglicized Cornish. For examples, see List of places in Cornwall.

The vast majority of placenames in the west of Brittany (part of France) are either Breton or derived from Breton. For examples, see Category:Populated places in Brittany.