Gondwana Rainforests

The Gondwana Rainforests are so-named because the fossil record indicates that when Gondwana existed it was covered by rainforests containing the same kinds of species that are living today. Not all Gondwanan rainforests in Australia are located in the New South Wales – Queensland region; the largest Gondwanan rainforest in Australia is located in Tasmania's Tarkine wilderness. The number of visitors to the Gondwana rainforest reserves in New South Wales and Queensland is about 2 million per year.[1]

The World Heritage status of the region was created and negotiated initially in 1986, with the area extended in 1994, following a nomination which was prepared in 1992 by the Rainforest Conservation Society.[3] The World Heritage listing carries the following inscription:[1]

The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia is a serial property comprising the major remaining areas of rainforest in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales. It represents outstanding examples of major stages of the Earth’s evolutionary history, ongoing geological and biological processes, and exceptional biological diversity. A wide range of plant and animal lineages and communities with ancient origins in Gondwana, many of which are restricted largely or entirely to the Gondwana Rainforests, survive in this collection of reserves. The Gondwana Rainforests also provides the principal habitat for many threatened species of plants and animals.

— Brief synthesis of the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia as inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The site was gazetted on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007[4] under the Environment and Heritage Legislation Amendment Act (No. 1), 2003 (Cth);[5] and the New South Wales portion was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.[6]

The forests were inscribed to the World Heritage list in 1986, covering only the New South Wales sites of approximately 310,800 hectares (768,000 acres) and extended in 1994 to cover the Queensland sites of approximately 59,200 hectares (146,000 acres) which is a total of approximately 370,000 hectares (910,000 acres). The rainforest reserves have an extremely high conservation value, with more than 200 rare or threatened plant and animal species.[2]

Eight separate areas have been identified as having outstanding heritage significance to Australia and are included on the Australian National Heritage List.[4] The altitude of the reserves ranges from sea level to almost 1,600 m (5,200 ft).[7]

On 22 December 2000, the High Conservation Value Old Growth forest covering 24 national parks and 19 nature reserves spread across 12 local government areas in the upper north east region of New South Wales were listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register.[8]

The Queensland areas include the Main Range, at its most northern point; and extending south, the Lamington, Mount Chinghee, Springbrook and Mount Barney national parks.

The New South Wales areas include the Barrington Tops, at its most southern point; and extending north, the Dorrigo, Mount Warning, New England, Mebbin, Nightcap, Border Ranges, Oxley Wild Rivers, Washpool, Willi Willi and Werrikimbe national parks.[9]

The most heavily visited parts are Dorrigo National Park and the Natural Bridge section of Springbrook National Park.[7]

The region was historically logged extremely heavily, to such an extent that only 1% of the original range of the Gondwana rainforest remains in Australia. Most of the logged regions have been taken over by eucalyptus forest. [10]

During the 2019-2020 Australian bushfire season, many regions of the Gondwana rainforest were devastated by bushfires for the first time, with some preliminary reports indicating that up to 53% of the forests may have burned as of January 2020. Among the devastated habitats are several locations that are significant for some critically imperiled species, such as the nightcap oak and the giant barred frog. The presence of these devastating blazes in areas that have never burned before has been linked to the encroachment of the flammable eucalyptus trees into the logged areas adjoining the forests.[10][11] The general claim of "never burned before" has been challenged by several commentators, based on an article in The Cairns Post on 25 October 1951 that reported a "fire has burnt out about 2000 acres of thick rainforest country" in the Lamington National Park.[12]

The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia are divided into sections for listing on the Australian National Heritage List, from north to south, as below:

Gondwana Rainforests of Australia

Section	Park or reserve name	State	Image	Area		Coordinates	Source(s)
				km2	sq mi
Main Range group; near Killarney	Acacia Plateau Flora Reserve	NSW
	Emu Vale State Forest (part)	Qld
	Gambubal State Forest (part)	Qld
	Gilbert State Forest (part)	Qld
	Goomburra State Forest (part)	Qld
	Main Range National Park	Qld		184	71	27°48′57″S 152°15′56″E	[13]
	Spicers Gap Road Conservation Park	Qld				28°04′35″S 152°23′26″E	[13]
	Spicers Gap State Forest (part)	Qld
	Teviot State Forest (part)	Qld
	Wilsons Peak Flora Reserve	NSW				28°15′19″S 152°29′21″E	[14]
Focal Peak group; on the NSW–Qld border	Burnett Creek State Forest (part)
	Captains Creek Flora Reserve (part)
	Mallanganee National Park	NSW		11	4.2	25°55′09″S 152°45′13″E	[15]
	Mount Clunie National Park (part)	NSW		14	5.4	28°19′27″S 152°31′12″E	[16]
	Mount Nothofagus National Park (part)	NSW		22	8.5	28°19′02″S 152°38′01″E	[17]
	Tooloom National Park (part)	NSW		44	17	28°26′47″S 152°27′13″E	[18]
	Toonumbar National Park (part)	NSW		149	58	28°29′16″S 152°43′33″E	[19]
Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges	Amaroo Flora Reserve
	Border Ranges National Park (part)	NSW		317	122	28°21′35″S 152°59′10″E	[20]
	Lamington National Park	Qld		206	80	28°8′32″S 153°6′55″E
	Limpinwood Nature Reserve	NSW		26.5	10.2	28°17′56″S 153°10′26″E	[21]
	Mebbin National Park (part)
	Mount Chinghee National Park
	Nightcap National Park (part)
	Numinbah Nature Reserve	NSW		8.6	3.3	28°15′S 153°16′E	[22]
	Springbrook National Park (part)	Qld		62	24	28°08′24″S 153°16′27″E	[23]
	various Rabbit Board Reserves along the Rabbit Board fence
	Wollumbin National Park	NSW		24	9.3	28°23′23″S 153°16′7″E	[24]
Coastal group; on the coast at Iluka	Iluka Nature Reserve	NSW		1.35	0.52	29°24′14″S 153°21′44″E	[25]
Washpool and Gibraltar Range group; contiguous areas between Glen Innes and Grafton	Gibraltar Range National Park	NSW
	Washpool National Park	NSW
New England group; near Dorrigo	Cunnawarra National Park (part)	NSW
	Dorrigo National Park (part)	NSW
	Mount Hyland Nature Reserve (part)	NSW		25	9.7	30°9′36″S 152°26′42″E	[26]
	New England National Park (part)	NSW		673	260	30°35′34″S 152°27′30″E	[27]
Hastings–Macleay group; southeast of Armidale	Fenwicks Scrub Flora Reserve	NSW		1.1	0.42	31°17′S 152°8.8′E	[14]
	Mount Seaview Nature Reserve	NSW
	Oxley Wild Rivers National Park (part)	NSW		1,452	561	30°59′47″S 152°00′36″E	[28]
	The Castles Flora Reserve	NSW				30°59′55″S 152°20′5″E	[29]
	Werrikimbe National Park (part)	NSW		333	129	31°12′S 152°14′E	[30]
	Willi Willi National Park (part)	NSW		299	115	31°10′43″S 152°29′27″E	[31]
Barrington Tops group; north of Dungog	Barrington Tops National Park (part)	NSW		765	295	32°3′10″S 151°29′37″E	[32]
	Mount Royal National Park (part)	NSW		69	27	32°12′1″S 151°19′25″E	[33]

• Environment of Australia
• Forests of Australia
• List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
• Mount Banda Banda
• Rainforest Way, a tourist drive featuring the Gondwana rainforests of south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales

• World heritage listing for Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
• Introduction to Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
• Hunter, R. John (December 2004) [June 2003]. "World Heritage and Associative Natural Values of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves of Australia" (PDF). NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service (PDF). Government of New South Wales.