New Zealand long-tailed bat

The New Zealand long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus), also known as the long-tailed wattled bat is one of 15 species of bats in the genus Chalinolobus variously known as "pied bats", "wattled bats" or "long-tailed bats". It is one of the two surviving bat species endemic to New Zealand, but is closely related to five other wattled or lobe-lipped bats in Australia and elsewhere. It was named the winner in the 2021 Bird of the Year competition in New Zealand, despite not being a bird.[3]

New Zealand long-tailed bat

Nationally Critical (NZ TCS)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Genus: Chalinolobus
Species:
C. tuberculatus
Binomial name
Chalinolobus tuberculatus
(Forster, 1844)

Description

The long-tailed bat is a small brown bat (weighing 8–12 g) with a long tail connected by a patygium to its hind legs: this feature distinguishes it from New Zealand's other bat species, the short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata). The bat's echolocation calls include a relatively low frequency component that can be heard by some people. It can fly at 60 kilometres per hour, and has a very large home range (100 km2). Life expectancy for this species is unknown, though it exceeds nine years.[4] This species has a highly variable body temperature and rate of metabolism.[5] It is the main host of the New Zealand bat flea.

Diet

Long-tailed bats hunt by hawking, or capturing and consuming aerial insects while flying.[6] Flies are their most significant food source, with moths and beetles also important.[7] The bat is an insect generalist, consuming insects that are abundant in the landscape.[7]

Roosting

New Zealand long-tailed bats are selective when choosing roost trees. Preferred roosts are located at low altitude at the bottoms of valleys, less than 500 metres (0.31 mi) from the woodland edge.[8] The bats prefer tall roosts of large diameter located in areas of lower tree density, particularly live red beech trees or snags.[8] Three-quarters of roost trees identified in the South Island were at least one hundred years old.[8] The bats roost in small cavities within the trees that have high temperatures and humidity.[9]

Reproduction

Males and females are capable of successful reproduction after their first year, and most females first give birth at age two or three.[4] Mating is thought to occur in February and March, shortly before hibernation, based on the proportion of males with swollen epididymides at this time.[4] Females give birth to a single pup during the New Zealand summer (December and January) and provide sole care for their young, gathering with other females in maternity roosts of up to 120 individuals; small numbers of adult males and non-reproductive females are present in the roosts as well.[4] These subcolonies move to new trees almost every day, breaking apart into smaller groups or reforming into larger ones. In some areas limestone caves are also used, but mainly as a night roost between feeding bouts. Pups fledge about 40 days after birth.[4] Pups are likely weaned within ten days of fledging.[4]

Conservation

The species first gained legal protection under the New Zealand Wildlife Act 1953.[10] The New Zealand long-tailed bat has been classified in New Zealand by the Department of Conservation as "Nationally Critical" with the qualifier "Conservation Dependent" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System as a result of a predicted decline of greater than 70%.[2] The bats' preference for large, old roost trees makes them at risk from habitat destruction through logging.[11] They may also be at risk from windfarms, unless successfully relocated.[12]

References
  1. Méndez-Carvajal, P.G. & Link, A. (2021). "Chalinolobus tuberculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 021. e.T39953A17922442. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4425A21985132.en. S2CID 243222994.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. O'Donnell, Colin F. J.; Borkin, Kerry; Lloyd, Brian; Parsons, Stuart; Hitchmough, Rod; Christie, J. E. (March 2018). Conservation status of New Zealand bats, 2017. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 3. ISBN 9781988514529. OCLC 1029247050.
  3. "Bat swoops in for upset victory in New Zealand's Bird of the Year vote". NBC News. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  4. O'Donnell, C. F. (2002). "Timing of breeding, productivity and survival of long-tailed bats Chalinolobus tuberculatus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in cold-temperate rainforest in New Zealand". Journal of Zoology, 257(03), 311–323.
  5. McNab, Brian K.; O'Donnell, Colin (2018). "The behavioral energetics of New Zealand's bats: Daily torpor and hibernation, a continuum". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 223: 18–22. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.05.001. PMID 29746908. S2CID 13661744.
  6. Rockell, G., Littlemore, J., & Scrimgeour, J. (2017). Habitat preferences of long-tailed bats Chalinolobus tuberculatus along forested riparian corridors in the Pikiariki Ecological Area, Pureora Forest Park. DOC Research and Development Series 349.
  7. Gurau, A.L. (2014). The diet of the New Zealand long-tailed bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus. Masters in Zoology thesis, Massey University.
  8. Sedgeley, J. A., & O'Donnell, C. F. (1999). Roost selection by the long-tailed bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, in temperate New Zealand rainforest and its implications for the conservation of bats in managed forests. Biological Conservation 88(2), 261–276.
  9. Sedgeley, J. A. (2001). Quality of cavity microclimate as a factor influencing selection of maternity roosts by a tree‐dwelling bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, in New Zealand. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(2), 425–438.
  10. O’Donnell, C. F. (2000). Conservation status and causes of decline of the threatened New Zealand long‐tailed bat Chalinolobus tuberculatus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Mammal Review, 30(2), 89–106.
  11. Sedgeley, J. A. (2003). Roost site selection and roosting behaviour in lesser short‐tailed bats (Mystacina tuberculata) in comparison with long‐tailed bats (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) in Nothofagus forest, Fiordland. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 30(3), 227–241.
  12. "Final Report and Decision of the Board of Inquiry into the Hauāuru mā Raki Wind Farm and Infrastructure Connection to Grid" (PDF). Ministry for the Environment. May 2011.
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