CD55 deficiency

CD55 deficiency, also called DAF deficiency or CHAPLE syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system. CHAPLE stands for "CD55 deficiency with hyper-activation of complement, angiopathic thrombosis, and severe protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)."[1] The disorder usually manifests in childhood and can be life-threatening. This condition was described by Özen, et al. in 2017.[1]

CHAPLE Syndrome
SpecialtyMedical genetics
SymptomsGastrointestinal symptoms, edema, malnutrition, hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, intestinal lymphangiectasia [1,2]
DurationLifelong
CausesGenetic (autosomal recessive)
Diagnostic methodGenetic testing
TreatmentEculizumab

Signs and symptoms

CHAPLE is characterized by severe protein-losing enteropathy leading to hypoproteinemia. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and edema.[1] People also have chronic malabsorption, which causes deficiencies in iron, ferritin, calcium, magnesium, folate, vitamin D and vitamin B12.[1] Some patients may have recurrent respiratory infections associated with hypogammaglobulinemia.[1] Severe thrombotic vascular occlusions may also be found among these patients.[1]

Genetics
Graphic depicting the autosomal recessive pattern of disease inheritance
CHAPLE Syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance

CHAPLE syndrome is caused by mutations of the complement regulator CD55 gene leading to a loss of protein expression.[1]

Inheritance

CHAPLE syndrome is primarily inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.[1] This means that usually a child inherits a copy of the mutated gene from both parents, resulting in a homozygous defect.[2]

Pathophysiology

CHAPLE syndrome is characterized by complement-mediated autoimmune hemolysis and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The protein CD55 (also called decay-accelerating factor) helps to regulate the complement cascade, part of the innate immune system, by regulating the amplification phase. When CD55 is absent, the complement system attacks red blood cells and causes them to be destroyed (hemolysis).[3][4][5]

Diagnosis

CHAPLE syndrome patients are generally diagnosed through a combination of clinical presentation, histology, and genetic testing. Although symptom presentation may vary, patients generally present with early-onset gastrointestinal symptoms, edema, malnutrition, hypoalbuminemia, and hypogammaglobulinemia.[1] Histopathological assessment of intestinal biopsy samples or resections revealed extensive lymphangiectasia, and suggest a diagnosis of primary intestinal lymphangiectasia.[1] Patients are also susceptible to large-vein thrombosis.[1]

Treatment

Once a diagnosis is made, the treatment is based on an individual's clinical condition. Kurolap and colleagues treated patients with off-label eculizumab, a humanized anti-C5 monoclonal antibody and complement inhibitor, and it was shown to have beneficial outcomes over an 18-month period.[6] Investigators at Marmara University in Istanbul, Turkey, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the US National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland currently have clinical protocols to study new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.[7]

References
  1. Ozen A, Comrie WA, Ardy RC, Domínguez Conde C, Dalgic B, Beser ÖF, et al. (July 2017). "CD55 Deficiency, Early-Onset Protein-Losing Enteropathy, and Thrombosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 377 (1): 52–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1615887. PMC 6690356. PMID 28657829.
  2. Levine F (2017). "Basic Genetic Principles". Fetal and neonatal physiology (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 1–13. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-35214-7.00001-9. ISBN 978-0-323-35214-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. "Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2018-01-07.
  4. Brodsky RA (November 2015). "Complement in hemolytic anemia". Blood. 126 (22): 2459–65. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-06-640995. PMID 26582375.
  5. Ozen A (January 2019). "CHAPLE syndrome uncovers the primary role of complement in a familial form of Waldmann's disease". Immunological Reviews. 287 (1): 20–32. doi:10.1111/imr.12715. PMID 30565236. S2CID 56478441.
  6. Kurolap A, Eshach Adiv O, Hershkovitz T, Tabib A, Karbian N, Paperna T, et al. (March 2019). "Eculizumab Is Safe and Effective as a Long-term Treatment for Protein-losing Enteropathy Due to CD55 Deficiency". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 68 (3): 325–333. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000002198. PMID 30418410. S2CID 53281594.
  7. Clinical trial number NCT04209634 for "An Open-Label Efficacy and Safety Study of Pozelimab in Patients With CD55-Deficient Protein-Losing Enteropathy (CHAPLE Disease)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
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