Cheng-Han

It represented two states, the Cheng state (成 Chéng) and the Han state (漢 Hàn). Cheng was proclaimed in 304 by Li Xiong, while Han was proclaimed in 338 by Li Shou. Since they were both ruled by the Li family,[1] scholars often combine them into a single Cheng-Han state in historiography. The Li family has also been described as being of Ba-Di ethnicity, as they were originally Cong people of Ba from modern Sichuan who had settled among the Di in modern Gansu.[2] Western texts frequently referred to the two states separately. Whether the treatment is correct is debatable.

When Li Shou claimed the throne in 338, he did not acknowledge his throne as having been inherited from Li Xiong's line. While he continued to worship Li Xiong, it was done in a separate temple. However, Li Shou's son Li Shi, acknowledged the prior emperors including Li Xiong as his predecessors. Cheng-Han was the earliest establishment of the Sixteen Kingdoms.

All rulers of the Cheng-Han declared themselves "emperors".

The commonly accepted founding year of Cheng has been 304. Nevertheless, Li Te declared a new era name in 303. Some scholars consider this self-declaration of era name to be a symbol of a new government. However, at that time, Li Te claimed no imperial or other special titles for himself.

The Cheng-Han was eventually conquered by the Jin when Huan Wen attacked Chengdu.

• Ba
• Di (Wu Hu)
• List of past Chinese ethnic groups
• Wu Hu
• Sixteen Kingdoms
• Huan Wen
• Sichuan
• Eight Immortals from Sichuan