Chengdu J-10

The Chengdu J-10 Vigorous Dragon (Chinese: 歼-10 猛龙; pinyin: Jiān-10 Měnglóng; NATO reporting name: Firebird[5][6]), is a medium-weight, single-engine, multirole combat aircraft capable of all-weather operations, configured with a delta wing and canard design,[7] with fly-by-wire flight controls, and produced by the Chengdu Aircraft Corporation (CAC) for the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF). The J-10 is mainly designed for air-to-air combat, but can also perform strike missions.

J-10 Vigorous Dragon
A J-10B carrying PL-8 and PL-12 air-to-air missiles
Role Multirole combat aircraft
National origin China
Manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
Design group Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute
First flight 23 March 1998[1]
Introduction 2005[2]
Status In service
Primary users People's Liberation Army Air Force
People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force
Pakistan Air Force
Produced 2002 – present[3]
Number built 602+ as of 2022[4]

Development
PLAAF ground crew preparing a J-10B for the Aviadarts-2021 international competition

In 1981, PLAAF Commander Zhang Tingfa submitted a proposal to Deng Xiaoping for the development of a third-generation fighter for RMB 500 million; it was accepted later that year by the Central Military Commission (CMC). It was the first Chinese aircraft program to incorporate modern development and acquisition processes.[8] In one departure from the past, the supplier was now responsible directly to the customer; this allowed the PLAAF to communicate its requirements and ensure they were met; previously suppliers were responsible to their managing agency, which could produce products that failed to meet end user requirements.[8] Another difference was the selection of a design through competition, rather than allocating a project to an institute and using whatever design that institute created.[9]

Design proposals were made by the three major aircraft design institutes. Shenyang's proposal was based on its cancelled J-13 with a F-16-like strake-wing. Hongdu's proposal was MiG-23/Su-24-like with variable-sweep wing. Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute's (CADI) proposal was a Saab 37 Viggen-like design based on its cancelled J-9.[9] CADI's proposal was selected in February 1984. The following month, CADI and Chengdu Fighter Factory were formally directed to develop and manufacture the aircraft, respectively.[10] Song Wencong (宋文骢) became chief designer.[11]

The engine was selected during the design proposal stage.[8] Candidates were an improved Woshan WS-6, the WP-15, or a new engine. The new engine, ultimately the Shenyang WS-10, was chosen in 1983.[12]

The State Council and the CMC approved the program in 1986,[10][8] code-naming it "No. 10 Project".[10] Interest waned in the following years which constrained funding and prolonged development. The Gulf War renewed interest and brought adequate resourcing.[13] Unlike earlier programs, the J-10 avoided crippling requirement creep.[13]

Technical development was slow and difficult. The J-10 represented a higher level of complexity than earlier generations of Chinese aircraft. About 60% of the aircraft required new technology and parts, instead of - according to Chengdu - the usual 30% for new aircraft; the high proportion reflected both requirements and limited domestic capability.[11] Development and modernization of China's aviation industry occurred alongside the J-10;[11][13] the program was an early Chinese user of digital design, modelling, and testing[14] including computer-aided design (CAD) and computational fluid dynamics.[11] The J-10 was the first Chinese aircraft to make major use of computer-aided design (CAD) for its structural design,[11] allowing the detailed design to be completed in 1994.[14][10] The hydraulics system was tested with physical models because of limited digital modelling capabilities.[11]

The first J-10 was assembled in June 1997.[10] Lei Qiang flew the first flight[11] on 23 March 1998;[1] Lei was chosen for his experience with modern, foreign, third-generation aircraft.[11] PLA training units received the J-10 ahead of schedule starting in 2003.[11] Weapons tests occurred in the fall of that year.[15] The design was finalized in 2004.[10] Rumors of crashes during flight testing were actually mishaps related to the AL-31 engine.[16]

The J-10 became operational in 2006.[10] It was officially unveiled by the Chinese government in January 2007, when photographs were published by Xinhua News Agency.[16]

The Siberian Aeronautical Research Institute (SibNIA) from Russia was involved in the program by 2016. According to SibNIA, it was only observing and instructing as "scientific guides".[17]

According to the images posted by China National Radio of a PLAAF live-firing exercise at an unspecified location in May 2021, J-10C Vigorous Dragons were equipped with distinctive exhaust nozzles of the WS-10B Taihang turbofan engine.[18] This marks the first time the WS-10 has been officially seen on an operational J-10.[19]

Disputed origins

In 1988 Israel's defense minister denied a report by the Sunday Times of London that Israel and China had agreed to develop a fighter derived from the IAI Lavi, a project based on the F-16.[20] In 2006, Russia's SibNIA engineers believed that the J-10 was "more or less a version" of the Lavi, incorporating "a melting pot of foreign technology and acquired design methods... but there are a number of other pieces of other aircraft or technologies that are part of the configuration that they have acquired from different sources."[17] In 2008, Janes claimed that the J-10 benefited from technical information from the Israeli project, citing senior Russian engineers who said they had heard this from Chinese colleagues.[21]

The Chinese assert J-10's features claimed to be from the Lavi are from the manufacturer's own previous aircraft design, for example attributing the J-10's Lavi-like double canard configuration to Chengdu's work on the cancelled J-9[9] of the 1960s and 1970s;[10] this view is supported by Song Wencong,[22] who worked on the J-9 and became the J-10's chief designer,[11] and PLAAF Major General Zhang Weigang.[23]

Design

The J-10 was designed and developed by the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute (CADI), a subsidiary of Chengdu Aircraft Corporation.

Airframe

The airframe is constructed from metal alloys and composite materials for high strength and low weight, the airframe's aerodynamic layout adopts a "tail-less canard delta" wing configuration. A large delta wing is mid-mounted towards the rear of the fuselage, while a pair of canards (or foreplanes) are mounted higher up and towards the front of the fuselage, behind and below the cockpit. This configuration provides very high agility, especially at low speeds, and also reduces stall speed, allowing for a lower airspeed during instrument approaches. A large vertical tail is present on top of the fuselage and small ventral fins underneath the fuselage provide further stability.

On J-10A, a rectangular air intake ramp and a splitter plate are located underneath the fuselage, providing the air supply to the engine.[24] Newer variants, including J-10B and J-10C use a diverterless intake that does not require a splitter plate, and may reduce radar cross signature.[24] Under the fuselage and wings are 11 hardpoints, used for carrying various types of weaponry and drop-tanks containing extra fuel. The retractable undercarriage comprises a steerable pair of nose-wheels underneath the air intake and two main gear wheels towards the rear of the fuselage.

PLAAF J-10AY of the August 1st aerobatics team

The cockpit is covered by a two-piece bubble canopy providing 360 degrees of visual coverage for the pilot. The canopy lifts upwards to permit cockpit entry and exit. The Controls take the form of a conventional centre stick and a throttle stick located to the left of the pilot. These also incorporate "hands on throttle and stick" (HOTAS) controls. A zero-zero ejection seat is provided for the pilot, permitting safe ejection in an emergency even at zero altitude and zero speed.

Due to the J-10's aerodynamically unstable design, a digital quadruplex-redundant fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system (FCS) aids the pilot in flying the aircraft. The FCS typically monitors pilot control inputs, preventing the pilot from accidentally exiting the flight envelope from applying too much control input during high performance flight situations. This is critical in canard wing aircraft, as they are capable of turning in a much tighter radius than conventional aircraft. The massive control surfaces are capable of moving so far that they can completely destroy the aircraft in flight at high airspeeds if not kept in check by the FCS.

Avionics

The cockpit has three liquid crystal (LCD) Multi-function displays (MFD) along with a Chinese developed holographic head-up display (HUD), all of which are fully compatible with a domestic Chinese advanced helmet mounted sight (HMS), claimed by Chinese to be superior to the HMS on the Sukhoi Su-27 sold to China.[25][26]

Radar

According to Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation officials the J-10 uses a multi-mode fire-control radar designed in China. The radar has a mechanically scanned planar array antenna and is capable of tracking 10 targets. Of the 10 targets tracked, 2 can be engaged simultaneously with semi-active radar homing missiles or 4 can be engaged with active radar homing missiles.[27]

For J-10B, the nose cone is modified to accommodate an active phased array airborne radar (AESA) radar.[28][29] The general designer of AESA for J-10B is Mr. Zhang Kunhui (张昆辉, 1963 -), the head of 607 Research Institute in Neijiang, Sichuan. Mr. Zhang Kunhui became the deputy head of 607th Research Institute in 1997, and four years later in 2001, he became the head of the institute, when the AESA program for J-10B started. The primary contractor of this AESA is the Radar and Electronic Equipment Research Academy of Aviation Industry Corporation of China located in Sichuan, formed in March 2004 by combining the 607th Research Institute and 171st Factory together with Mr. Zhang Kunhui was named as the head of the research academy. According to Chinese governmental media, the AESA for J-10B took 8 years to develop, finally completed in 2008, and Chinese fighter radars hence achieved a quantum leap in that it went from mechanically scanned planar slotted array directly into AESA, skipping the passive phased array PESA radar.[30] Many suspected the radar is a PESA, but during its brief debuts in the 7th China International Defense Electronics Exhibition (CIDEX) in May 2010 and the 6th International Conference on Radar held in Beijing in Sept 2011, Chinese official sources have claimed it is an AESA.[31]

Propulsion
A J-10 powered by an AL-31FN turbofan engine

The J-10 is powered by a single turbofan. The J-10A entered production with the Russian Salyut AL-31FN.[24] The initial version generated a maximum static thrust of 12,500 kgf (123 kN; 28,000 lbf).[32] In December 2013, Salyut reported it was testing an upgraded AL-31FN Series 3 for China with 250 hours more life and 1000 kg/f more thrust; the Series 3 would be equipped on the improved J-10B.[33][34] Compared to the original Lyulka-Saturn AL-31F, the AL-31FN was fitted to the J-10 by rotating the gearbox and accessory pack to the underside.[24]

The J-10s intended engine is the Chinese Shenyang WS-10. The WS-10 suffered development difficulties and production of the aircraft went ahead with the Salyut AL-31FN as a substitute.[35] A pre-production J-10C flew with a WS-10 at the 2018 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition; the engine nozzle was modified for stealth and thrust vectoring (TVC).[24] In March 2020, a video from Chinese state media showed a J-10C in PLAAF livery equipped with the WS-10B;[33] WS-10B-powered aircraft were in service by November 2021.[36]

Weaponry and external loads

The aircraft's internal armament consists of a Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 twin-barrel cannon, located underneath the port side of the intake. Other weaponry and equipment is mounted externally on 11 hardpoints, to which 5,600 kg (12,300 lb) of either missiles and bombs, drop-tanks containing fuel, or other equipment such as avionics pods can be attached.

Air-to-air missiles deployed may include short-range air-to-air missiles such as the PL-8 and PL-10 (on J-10C), medium-range radar-guided air-to-air missiles such as the PL-12 and PL-15 (on J-10C), unguided and precision guided munitions such as laser-guided bombs, air-to-surface missile such as KD-88,[37] anti-ship missiles such as the YJ-91A,[37] and anti-radiation missiles such as the YJ-91.[37]

Operational history

China
August 1st aerobatics team

The first aircraft were delivered to the 13th Test Regiment on 23 February 2003. The aircraft was declared 'operational' in December of the same year, after 18 years in development.[1][38]

The J-10C entered combat service in April 2018.[39]

Pakistan

The J-10 are officially designated as FC-20 Firebird for Pakistani acquisition by their Ministry of Defense (MoD).[40] Negotiations for acquisitions for J-10A were started in 2006 when offered by China,[41][42] but negotiations persisted into 2012 with the offer of the J-10B.[43]

In September 2020, it was reported that Pakistan was interested in the J-10C.[44] In December 2021, Pakistan announced the purchase of 25 J-10CEs, with an option for 11 more; they were expected to enter service in March 2022.[45][46] On 4 March 2022, the first batch of 6 J-10CEs for the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) landed at PAF Base Minhas (Kamra) after a ferry flight from Chengdu, China.[47] They were officially inducted into the PAF's No. 15 Squadron Cobras based at PAF Base Minhas (Kamra) on 11 March 2022.[6][48][49]

Exports to other countries

In 2009, the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) planned to offer the J-10 and the CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder for export. Flightglobal speculated an upgraded J-10B would be offered.[50]

In 2023, Saudi Arabia is in talks with China to potentially buy J-10C fighter jets.[51] Egypt has also expressed interest in purchasing 12 J-10C jets.[52][53]

Variants
A J-10S operated by the Chinese Air Force, attending a military exercise in Russia.

Operators
Map of Chengdu J-10 operators in blue
 People's Republic of China
 Pakistan

Accidents and incidents

On 12 November 2016, an August 1st Aerobatics Team training flight suffered a mid-air collision in Hebei. A twin-seat J-10 crashed. The pilot, Captain Yu Xu, and the co-pilot ejected, but Yu was struck by another J-10 and killed. Yu was the first woman certified to fly the J-10.[75]

Specifications (J-10C)
J-10B with PL-12 and PL-8B missiles and a diverterless air intake displayed on Airshow China 2018
Chengdu J-10A 3-view drawing

Data from [76]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1[38]
  • Length: 16.9 m (55 ft 5 in)
  • Wingspan: 9.8 m (32 ft 2 in)
  • Height: 5.7 m (18 ft 8 in)
  • Wing area: 37 m2 (400 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 9,750 kg (21,495 lb) [77]
  • Gross weight: 14,000 kg (30,865 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 19,227 kg (42,388 lb) [38][77]
  • Fuel capacity: 4950 L (3860 Kg) internal.[77] 4000 L (3120 Kg) external with 3 drop tanks (2x1600L + 1x800L)[78]
  • Powerplant: 1 × WS-10B afterburning turbofan engines, 89.17 kN (20,050 lbf) thrust dry, 144[79] kN (32,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.8
  • Stall speed: 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn)
  • Range: 1,850 km (1,150 mi, 1,000 nmi) [80][77]
  • Combat range: 1,240 km (770 mi, 670 nmi) [80][77]
  • Ferry range: 4,600 km (2,900 mi, 2,500 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,000 ft) [77]
  • g limits: +9/-3[77]
  • Rate of climb: 300 m/s (59,000 ft/min) [81]
  • Wing loading: 381 kg/m2 (78 lb/sq ft)
  • Thrust/weight: 1.04

Armament

  • Guns: 1× Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23
  • Hardpoints: 11 in total (6× under-wing, 2× under-intake and 3× under-fuselage) with a capacity of 5600 kg of external fuel and ordnance
  • Rockets: 90 mm unguided rocket pods
  • Missiles:
  • Others:
    • Up to 3 external fuel drop-tanks (1× under-fuselage, 2× under-wing) for extended range and loitering time

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

Citations
  1. Wang Jieqing. "J-10 Fighter Test Flight Process Secret Revealed". Southern Weekend. Archived from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
  2. "Japan's F-2 vs. China's Lethal J-10 Fighter: Who Wins?". 13 October 2015.
  3. "Chengdu J-10 (Jian-10, Fighter aircraft-10 / F-10)". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
  4. For Strategic Studies (Iiss), The International Institute (15 February 2023). "6 Asia". The Military Balance 2023. doi:10.4324/9781003400226. ISBN 9781003400226. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. "Chinese Equipment Guide" (PDF). US Navy Intelligence Office.
  6. Jennings, Gareth (11 March 2022). "Pakistan receives first J-10 fighters from China". Janes. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  7. "Delta Wing". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  8. Research, Development, and Acquisition, page 2
  9. Research, Development, and Acquisition, page 3
  10. Lumbering Forward, page 61
  11. Lumbering Forward, page 62
  12. China’s Aeroengine Industry, page 26
  13. Research, Development, and Acquisition, page 4
  14. Lumbering Forward, page 41
  15. Lumbering Forward, page 63
  16. Rupprecht, Andreas, 2013. Dragon's Wings. Birmingham: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd.
  17. "SibNIA remains center of Russian innovation". 2007. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  18. Waldron, Greg (21 May 2021). "China's J-10 comes of age with indigenous engine". flightglobal.
  19. Yeo, Mike (11 May 2021). "China fields J-10 jets powered by homemade engine". Defense News. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  20. "Pakistan Purchases Chinese Jets Based on Scrapped Israeli Lavi Fighter". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  21. Hewson, Robert. "Chinese J-10 'benefited from the Lavi project'". Archived 26 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Jane's, 19 May 2008.
  22. "Exclusive Interview with J-10 General Designer Song Wencong". 2007. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
  23. "少将驳斥"战机抄袭论"：歼-10源自于歼-9". 2012. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013.
  24. Johnson, Reuben F. (22 November 2019). "Dubai Airshow 2019: China's Chengdu promotes J-10C export variant". Janes. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  25. "中国第四代先进战机机头及座舱亮相珠海航展(图)-吊舱,头盔瞄准具,航电系统,凤凰网,凤凰新媒体-黄岩新闻网". Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  26. sina UI Team. "这个是歼10战机飞行员头盔瞄准具吗？". Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  27. "Jian-10 (J-10, F-10) Multirole Fighter Aircraft". SinoDefence.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
  28. "歼10B有源相控阵雷达曝光 配置与美军一致(组图)". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  29. "网曝中国空军歼10B机载雷达照 与美战机类似引热议". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  30. "创新超越促发展--记中航工业雷电院长张昆辉" Archived 8 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine cannews.com.cn 14 January 2013
  31. "中国歼-10B相控阵雷达首次曝光：达世界先进水平 - 复兴网". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  32. "AL-31FN" (in Russian). Salyut. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  33. Ju, Juan (5 March 2020). "Images suggest China has begun fitting indigenous WS10 engine into J-10C fighters". Janes. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  34. "FSUE "Gas-Turbine Engineering RPC "Salut" has successfully completed the first phase of engine longevity and performance bench tests in view of future deliveries of a new version of AL-31FN Series 3". Salut. 24 December 2013. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  35. Wood, Peter; Stewart, Robert (26 September 2019). China's Aviation Industry: Lumbering Forward (PDF). United States Air Force Air University China Aerospace Studies Institute. p. 32. ISBN 978-1082740404.
  36. Giovanzanti, Alessandra (23 November 2021). "PLAAF 25th Air Brigade now operates J-10C multirole fighters". Janes. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  37. Rupprecht, Andreas (2018). Modern Chinese Warplane: Chinese Air Force - Aircraft and Units. Harpia Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 978-09973092-5-6.
  38. "Sinodefence.com: J-10 Multirole Fighter Aircraft". Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
  39. ZX, ed. (16 April 2018). "China's fighter jet J-10C begins combat duty". Xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  40. Ansari, Usman (3 January 2022). "Pakistan confirms Chinese 'Firebird' fighter acquisition". Defense News. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  41. "Pakistan will stand by China against US 'siege', says Rashid". Daily Times (Pakistan). 23 February 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  42. Ansari, Usman (3 August 2011). "China Officially Offers Pakistan J-10 Variant". Defense News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  43. "J-10B fighter planes, 6 marines for Pakistan as Cino-Pak talks underway and lead to pakistan acquiring 100 j-10 and f16 super hornets". The News Tribe. 22 March 2012. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  44. Chowdhury, Srinjoy (6 September 2020). "Pakistan reaches out to China for more fighter jets and missiles". Times Now. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  45. Kumar, Ankit (29 December 2021). "Pakistan confirms raising squadron of Chinese J-10C in response to India's Rafale jets". India Today. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  46. "Pakistan acquires squadron of elite J-10C fighter: reports". Pakistan Today. 30 December 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  47. "Pakistan receives first batch of China's J-10CE fighter jets - SAMAA". Samaaenglish.tv. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  48. "Multi-role J-10C fighter jets inducted into PAF fleet". 11 March 2022.
  49. "Six China-made J-10C jets inducted into PAF". 12 March 2022.
  50. Siva Govindasamy, "China's AVIC steps up sales push for FC-1, J-10 fighters" Archived 3 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Flight International, Retrieved: 2 October 2009
  51. "China said to be negotiating arms deals with Saudi Arabia and Egypt". South China Morning Post. 24 May 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  52. "Military Watch Magazine". militarywatchmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  53. Honrada, Gabriel (26 May 2023). "China seizing US arms markets in the Middle East". Asia Times. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  54. "Pakistan approves purchase of Lockheed Martin F-16s and Chengdu J-10 fighters-13 April 2006-Washington DC-Flight International". Flightglobal.com. 13 April 2006. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009.
  55. Lei, Zhao (18 February 2016). "PLA's fighter jets go up for sale". China Daily. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  56. Kopp, Carlo (10 July 2007). "J-10S Dual Seat Variant". Air Power Australia. p. 1. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  57. Ivanov, Henry (9 January 2006), China working on "Super-10" advanced fighter, Janes Defence World, archived from the original on 11 January 2006
  58. Weening, Alexander; Hardy, James (9 October 2014). "New pictures of J-10B revealed". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  59. Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (12 January 2015). "Images suggest J-10Bs close to entering Chinese service". janes.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  60. "New J-10 Variant sighted". Janes Defence News. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  61. WALDRON, GREG (6 November 2018). "J-10B TVC wows Zhuhai crowds with surprise performance". flightglobal. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  62. Giovanzanti, Alessandra. "Images emerge of J-10C fighters for Pakistan". Janes. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  63. Chuanren, Chen. "New Chinese Weapons Seen on J-10C Fighter". Aviation International News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  64. "New BVRAAM may have entered PLAAF service". janes.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  65. Bronk, Justin (October 2020). Russian and Chinese Combat Air Trends (PDF) (Report). Whitehall Report. Vol. 3–20. Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  66. Helfrich, Emma; Rogoway, Tyler (18 July 2022). "China's J-10 Fighter Spotted In New 'Big Spine' Configuration". The Drive.
  67. The Military Balance (2022): pg. 260
  68. "Better than US-made F-16: China to provide J-10C fighter jets to Pakistan". Thenews.com.pk. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  69. Sana Jamal. "Watch video: Pakistan Air Force inducts first batch of six J-10C fighter jets | Pakistan – Gulf News". Gulfnews.com. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  70. Dangwal, Ashish (19 September 2022). "'Dragon From The East' – Pakistan Gets 2nd Batch Of 'Rafale Challenger' J-10C Fighters From China". The Eurasian Times. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  71. "Multi-role J-10C fighter jets inducted into PAF fleet". 11 March 2022.
  72. "Six China-made J-10C jets inducted into PAF". 12 March 2022.
  73. "Multi-role J-10C fighter jets inducted into PAF fleet". 11 March 2022.
  74. "Six China-made J-10C jets inducted into PAF". 12 March 2022.
  75. Guo, Kai (14 November 2016). "Black box of plane that crashed and killed female fighter pilot found". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  76. 褚文 (19 November 2019). "【對外軍售】中國三代機進軍國際市場？ 殲-10C首亮相杜拜航展" (in Traditional Chinese). 香港01. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  77. "J-10 (Jian 10) – Vigorous Dragon Multi-Role Tactical Fighter, China". SPG Media Limited. 10 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007.
  78. "Aerospaceweb.org | Aircraft Museum - J-10 / F-10". www.aerospaceweb.org.
  79. 空军发布 (17 April 2018). "空军新型战机歼-10C战斗值班，深圳卫视说了啥？" (in Simplified Chinese). Weibo. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  80. "网页已删除". Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  81. "韩国防长参观中国空军飞行试验基地登上歼10_新浪军事_新浪网".
  82. Rupprecht, Andreas (29 October 2018). Modern Chinese Warplanes - Chinese Air Force. Harpia Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-9973092-6-3.
  83. Chuanren, Chen. "New Chinese Weapons Seen on J-10C Fighter". Aviation International News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  84. Rupprecht, Andreas (2018). Modern Chinese Warplane: Chinese Air Force - Aircraft and Units. Harpia Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-09973092-6-3.

Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chengdu J-10.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.