Chief Medical Officers (United Kingdom)
In the United Kingdom, a Chief Medical Officer (CMO) is the most senior government advisor on matter relating to health. There are four CMOs in the United Kingdom who are appointed to advise their respective governments:
- His Majesty's Government (CMO for England and medical advisor to the United Kingdom government)
- Scottish Government[1]
- Welsh Government
- Northern Ireland Executive
Each CMO is assisted by one or more Deputy Chief Medical Officers, and complemented by a Chief Nursing Officer.
The Chief Medical Officer is a qualified medical doctor whose medical speciality traditionally was public health medicine, and whose work focused on the health of communities rather than health of individuals. More recently, some appointees have been senior clinicians without training in public health medicine. In the UK, the CMO is one of the chief professional officers who advise the government in their respective health and social care disciplines.[2] The CMO has independent statutory authority, first established in the 19th century, to issue reports without requiring government approval.[3]
Chief Medical Officers for England
The historic post was created in Victorian times to help to prevent cholera and other epidemics.[4] In 1969, the post of Chief Medical Officer for Wales was created, and prior to this both England and Wales were covered by the post of Chief Medical Officer of England and Wales.[5]
- Sir John Simon (1855–1876)
- Edward Cator Seaton (1876–1879)
- Sir George Buchanan (1879–1892)
- Sir Richard Thorne Thorne (1892–1899)
- Sir William Henry Power (1900–1908)
- Sir Arthur Newsholme (1908–1919)
- Sir George Newman (1919–1935)
- Sir Arthur MacNalty (1935–1940)
- Sir Wilson Jameson (1940–1950)
- Sir John Charles (1950–1960)
- Sir George Godber (1960–1973)
- Sir Henry Yellowlees (1973–1984)
- Sir Donald Acheson (1984–1991)
- Sir Kenneth Calman (1991–1998)
- Sir Liam Donaldson (1998–May 2010)[4][6]
- Dame Sally Davies (June 2010–September 2019)[7]
- Sir Chris Whitty (October 2019–present)[8][9]
Deputies
- Liz Shore (1977 to 1985) [10]
- Michael Abrams (1985 to 1992) [11]
- David Walker (2013 to 2015)[12]
- John Watson (2013 to 2017)[13]
- Gina Radford (2015 to 2019)[14]
- Jenny Harries (July 2019 to March 2021)[15]
- Sir Jonathan Van-Tam (October 2017–March 2022)[16]
- Aidan Fowler (March 2020–present)[17]
- Thomas Waite interim (May 2021–present)[18]
- Jeanelle de Gruchy (September 2021 – present)[19]
- Thomas Waite (April 2022 – present)[20]
Chief Medical Officers for Scotland
Through various reorganisations, the CMOs for Scotland has been the chief medical officer in the Local Government Board for Scotland, Scottish Board of Health, Department of Health for Scotland, the Scottish Home and Health Department, the Scottish Executive Health Department and now the Scottish Government:[5]
- J. B. McLintock (1894–1898)
- James Burn Russell (1898–1904)[21][22][23][24][25]
- Sir Leslie Mackenzie (1904–1929)
- J. P. Kinloch (1929–1932)
- J. L. Brownlie (1932–1937)
- J. M. Mackintosh (1937–1941)
- Sir Andrew Davidson (1941–1954)
- Sir Kenneth Cowan (1954–1964)
- Sir John Brotherston (1964–1977)
- Sir John Reid (1977–1985)
- Iain Macdonald (1985–1989)
- Sir Kenneth Calman (1989–1991)
- Robert Kendell (1991–1996)
- Sir David Carter (1996–2000)
- Ernest Macalpine ("Mac") Armstrong (2000–2005)
- Sir Harry Burns (2005–2014)[26]
- Aileen Keel (2014–2015; acting)
- Catherine Calderwood (2015–2020)
- Sir Gregor Smith (2020–present; acting until 23 December 2020, thereafter permanent)
Chief Medical Officers for Wales
The Welsh post[27] was created in 1969. Prior to this there was one post for both England and Wales, the Chief Medical Officer for England and Wales.[5]
- Richard Bevan (1969–1977)
- Gareth Crompton (1978–1989)
- Dame Deirdre Hine (1990–1997)
- Ruth Hall (1997–2005)
- David Salter (July 2005–April 2006; acting)
- Tony Jewell (April 2006 – 2012)
- Ruth Hussey (2012–2016)
- Chris Jones (March–July 2016; acting)
- Sir Frank Atherton (August 2016 – present)
Chief Medical Officers for Northern Ireland
- William Richard Dawson (1922–1929) Chief Medical Officer of Ministry of Home Affairs, Northern Ireland[28]
- Frank F. Main (1954–1968)
- Thomas Terence Baird (1973–1978)[29]
- Bob Weir (1978–1986)[30]
- James McKenna (1988–1995)[29]
- Henrietta Campbell (1995–2006)
- Sir Michael McBride (2006–present)
See also
References
- "Chief Medical Officer (CMO)". Scottish Government. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
- "Chief professional officers". Department of Health (UK). Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- MacAulay M, Macintyre AK, Yashadhana A, et al. (January 2022). "Under the spotlight: understanding the role of the Chief Medical Officer in a pandemic". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 76 (1): 100–104. doi:10.1136/jech-2021-216850. PMC 8666819. PMID 34407995. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- "Chief Medical Officer: biography". Department of Health (UK). 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
- Warren, Michael D. "A Chronology of State Medicine, Public Health, Welfare and Related Services in Britain 1066–1999" (PDF). Royal College of Physicians of England. pp. 302–304. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- "The Senior Team". Department of Health. 12 March 2010.
- "Professor Dame Sally C Davies". Department of Health. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- "New chief medical officer appointed". GOV.UK. Department of Health and Social Care. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- "Professor Chris Whitty". gov.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- "Dr Liz Shore". guardian.com. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- "Michael Abrams obituary". guardian.com. 19 August 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
- "Professor David Walker". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- "Professor John Watson". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- "Professor Gina Radford". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- "Dr Jenny Harries OBE". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- "Professor Jonathan Van-Tam". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- "Dr Aidan Fowler". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- "New interim deputy chief medical officer for England announced". GOV.UK. 13 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- "New body to tackle health disparities will launch 1 October, co-headed by new DCMO". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- "New Deputy Chief Medical Officer for England announced". GOV.UK. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- "James B Russell". The Glasgow Story. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- "James Burn Russell". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- "Public health administration in Glasgow; a memorial volume of the writings of James Burn Russell". Hathi Trust Digital Library. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- Smith, David F. (November 1999). "EDNA ROBERTSON, Glasgow's Doctor: James Burn Russell, 1837-1904 (review)". Scottish Economic & Social History. EU Publishing. 19 (2): 174–176. doi:10.3366/sesh.1999.19.2.174. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- Lawrence, Christopher (2000). "Glasgow's Doctor: James Burn Russell, MOH, 1837-1904 (review)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Johns Hopkins University. 74: 171. doi:10.1353/bhm.2000.0025. S2CID 71853151. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- "Sir Harry Burns". The Scottish Government, Health & Community Care. 23 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- "Health and social care: Chief Medical Officer". Welsh Government. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
- Western Daily Press, Bristol, 30 October 1950; Bath Wills: British Medical Journal 1950 Obituary
- "Four Decades of Public Health : Northern Ireland's health boards 1973 – 2009" (PDF). Public Health Agency NI. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
- "The Dictionary of Ulster Biography". New Ulster Biography. Retrieved 20 April 2016.