Chin Lin Sou

Chinese workers in the snow constructing the first transcontinental railroad.

He worked on the first transcontinental railroad as the foreman of a group of Chinese railroad workers, many of whom Chin, himself, recruited and helped to gain passage into the United States.[8] He first worked for Charles Crocker of the Central Pacific Railroad at Donner Pass in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and in then the Great Basin of Utah. He worked among hundreds of Chinese who also fled China's civil war.[5] The transcontinental railroad was completed on May 10, 1869, at Promontory, Utah,[5] becoming what is considered the greatest technological event of the 19th century.[9]

Appleton's illustrated hand-book of American cities, 1876

He worked in Nevada for the Central Pacific Railroad.[4][6] Then, he worked for Gen. Grenville Dodge of the Union Pacific Railroad,[5] which had merged with Central Pacific.[4][6] Working to bring the railroad tracks to government standards,[5] he worked in Utah, Wyoming, and Nebraska from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains.[4][5][6] In Colorado, he worked for the Denver Pacific Railroad,[4][6] which built a feeder line from Denver to the Union Pacific line at Cheyenne, Wyoming.[6] With Denver connected to the transcontinental railroad, it had access to national markets and became the "Queen City of the West."[9]

His leadership was important to the construction of the railroad.[8] Railroad company owners hired Chinese workers because they were able to pay them less than white workers, who worked shorter days and received food rations. Hundreds of Chinese workers died from disease or injuries on the job, due to the use of explosives and as the result of mudslides and avalanches. Their work included blasting mountain sides, after which they cleared the rubble and built retention walls. At the time, there were no laws to protect railroad workers from occupational hazards.[6][10]

Amongst the first Chinese pioneers in Colorado, he moved in 1871 to Black Hawk, Colorado, where he was the unofficial leader of a group of Chinese immigrants who settled in a community called Cottonwood.[8][11] It may have been the first settlement of Chinese in Colorado.[4]

He was well-paid as a mine supervisor.[2] He managed more than 300 Chinese workers by 1874 and the crew expanded into North Clear Creek[4] and Lower Russell Gulch.[12] He managed the Chinese workers, including hiring them, negotiating their wages, and drafting employment contracts with mine owners.[6][12] Also a merchant, he sold them the supplies that they needed. The Chinese workers generally worked 10 hours a day, except Sundays when they worked 6 to 8 hours.[12]

Roy D. Graves, Chinese gold miners

Chin became wealthy by buying and selling abandoned mines.[1][6] Since Chinese miners could not file original claims for mines in the western United States, Chin began to work mines abandoned by whites. The Chinese specialized in placer mining that used water to collect gold from stream beds. It was a less profitable form of mining,[6] because it was a time-intensive process to pan for residual bits of gold.[13] He supervised hundreds of Chinese placer mines between 1870 and 1894, when he died. He and Edward L. Thayer, his mining partner, managed mines near Denver, Fairplay, Central City, and Black Hawk. They also operated supply stores in Gilpin County, Colorado.[6] He became wealthy through the sale of two of his profitable mines.[11] His first deposit at the National Bank in Central City was for $60,000 (equivalent to $1,465,667 in 2022).[13]

Chin had a good reputation in the community due to "his gentlemanly and dignified deportment" and "rare skill in conducting business affairs."[6] He was given a chair of honor at the Central City Opera House.[4] Chin was offered the job of Central City marshal. Due to prejudice against Chinese people, he turned down the offer. He said "being Chinese gave him enough problems."[4]

A fire in 1874 was blamed on the Chinese, the rumor being that it was started during religious ceremonies. Chin told the Central City Register newspaper that "Chinese are too frequently made the victims of circumstance which any other nationality would escape without censure, and they desire to have their side of the case represented as it is." He stated that the fire started from a chimney that had not been cleaned properly[4] or due to a defective flue.[6]

He moved to Denver, where Chinatown had been established by 1880. It was located between 14th and 17th Streets on Wazee.[4] Chin continued to manage mining operations while also operating a business in Denver.[4] He imported goods from China—like furniture, food, and clothing—that he sold in Denver. A leader within the city, he was known as the "Mayor of Chinatown."[2]

He and other Chinese were subject to racial discrimination and violence. When the United States government passed a law that prevented Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens, it meant that they would be unable to bring a case of violence or discrimination to court.[2] He co-founded "The Six Companies", which was a group of Chinese American business and insurance companies.[4] He was a member of the Chee Kong Tongs, a group of Chinese who united to provide support, aid and loans for one another.[4]

Anti-Chinese Riot in Denver, 1880

On October 31, 1880, a group of white people started a riot against the Chinese. One man, Sing Lee, was murdered. Anyone that looked Chinese was attacked and Chinese businesses were destroyed. Many Chinese moved out of Denver to larger cities, like Chicago.[4] At its height, there were more than 3,000 Chinese residents in Denver.[14] The number of Chinese in Denver dropped from 980 in 1890,[6] to 110 residents by 1940,[4] and only three families later in the 1940s.[6]