China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology

China is a mountainous country, which leads to rapid dissipation of cyclones that move inland as well as significant amounts of rain from those dissipating cyclones. Typhoon Nina in 1975 caused the collapse of two huge reservoirs and ten smaller dams when 1062 mm (41.81 inches) of rain fell in Henan Province during a 24‑hour period. Super Typhoon Carla was the wettest tropical cyclone on record for mainland China. Since 1957, there has been a downward trend in tropical cyclone rainfall for the country.

A map of all tropical cyclone tracks, encompassing the period between the years 1985 and 2005.

Mainland

Most of the rain China experiences during the year occurs during the summer months. Typhoons cause many of the intense rains seen within the country. The heavy rains occur over a large area, typically 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi).[1] Across China between the years of 1983 and 2006, an average of 2.9 tropical cyclones move into Guangdong province, making it the most affected province within mainland China. Hainan averages 1.3 tropical cyclones annually, while Fujian experiences 1.2 tropical cyclones annually, and Zhejiang witnessed 0.9 tropical cyclones annually. The wettest tropical cyclone on record for the mainland was Super Typhoon Carla, which dropped 2,749 millimetres (108.2 in) of rain over a 48-hour period. Typhoon Nina (1975) produced the highest areal average rainfall amounts between August 4 and August 8 for the Hongru river basin for most time durations.[1] The risk of tropical cyclones across Guangxi, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Liaoning provinces is significantly lower, with these provinces averaging between 0.1 and 0.4 tropical cyclones annually.[2]

Typhoon Soudelor
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Mainland China
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
11629.064.13Nina 1975Banqiao Dam[3]
2951.037.4In-fa 2021Yuyao[4]
3831.132.72Fitow 2001Changjiang County[5]
4806.031.73Soudelor 2015Wenzhou[6]
5744.829.32Doksuri 2023Wangjiayuan Reservoir[7][8]
6662.026.01Chanthu 2021Dinghai District, Zhoushan[9]
7600.024.00Haikui 2012Anhui Province[10]
8555.021.85Chanchu 2006Zhangpu County[11]

Hong Kong

Typhoon Sam of the 1999 Pacific typhoon season became the wettest known tropical cyclone to impact Hong Kong since records began in 1884, breaking a 73‑year‑old record. A total of 23.98 inches/609 mm of rainfall fell between August 22 and August 25.[12]

Typhoon Sam
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants Hong Kong
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1632.024.90Haikui 2023Hong Kong Observatory[13]
2616.524.27Sam 1999Hong Kong Observatory[13]
3597.023.50July 1926 TyphoonRoyal Observatory, Hong Kong[13]
4562.022.13June 1916 TyphoonRoyal Observatory, Hong Kong[13]
5530.720.89Agnes 1965Royal Observatory, Hong Kong[13]
6519.020.43Agnes 1978Royal Observatory, Hong Kong[13]
7516.120.32Ellen 1976Royal Observatory, Hong Kong[13]
8497.519.59Dot 1993Royal Observatory, Hong Kong[13]
9491.719.36Dot 1982Royal Observatory, Hong Kong[13]
10480.918.93Helen 1995Royal Observatory, Hong Kong[13]

Lantau Island
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants Lantau Island
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
170027.56Ira 1993[14]

Taiwan/Taipei

The mountainous island of Taiwan province experiences an average of 1.8 tropical cyclone landfalls each year.[2] Due to its rugged topography, Taiwan sees extreme rains from tropical cyclones, particularly in its central mountain range.

Typhoon Morakot
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Taiwan
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
13,060 120.47Morakot 2009Alishan, Chiayi[15]
22,319 91.30Nari 2001Wulai, New Taipei[16]
32,162 85.12Flossie 1969Beitou, Taipei[15]
41,987 78.23Herb 1996Alishan, Chiayi[17]
51,774 69.84Saola 2012Yilan City[18]
61,700 66.93Lynn 1987Taipei[19]
71,672 65.83Clara 1967Dongshan, Yilan[20]
81,611 63.43Sinlaku 2008Heping, Taichung[21]
91,561 61.46Haitang 2005Sandimen, Pingtung[22]
101,546 60.87Aere 2004Miaoli County[23]

Tibet Autonomous Region

An early October 2004 tropical depression brought moisture into the highlands of Tibet, leading to daily precipitation of 60 mm/2.4 inches liquid equivalent to Che-Ku County all in the form of heavy snow, which was a new October daily precipitation record for both rain and snow. This led to a loss of 340,000 kg of food, 230,000 kg of forage grass, and 263 livestock in the snowstorm.[24]

See also

References
  1. Pukh Raj Rakhecha; Vijay P. Singh (2009). Applied Hydrometeorology. Springer. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4020-9843-7. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  2. Qiang Zhang; Liguang Wu; Qiufeng Liu (April 2009). "Tropical Cyclone Damages in China: 1983-2006". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. 90 (4): 490. Bibcode:2009BAMS...90..489Z. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2631.1.
  3. Burt, Christopher C. (May 30, 2018). "The Deadliest Weather-Related Catastrophe You Probably Never Heard Of". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
  4. Meili, Cao (2021-07-26). 余姚暴雨累计雨量达951毫米 相当于余姚近三天下了约37个西湖的水量. Sina News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  5. Padgett, Gary (2006-12-27). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary August 2001". Australian Severe Weather Index. Jimmy Deguara. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  6. 重要天气新闻通稿: 今年第13号 台风"苏迪罗"深入内陆影响结束. National Meteorological Center (in Chinese). August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
  7. "Beijing records heaviest rainfall in at least 140 years, causing severe flooding and 21 deaths". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  8. Zhang, Shuai (2023-08-02). "China sees record flooding in Beijing, with 20 deaths and mass destruction blamed on Typhoon Doksuri". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  9. Mary Gilbert. "Chanthu to produce days of tropical rainfall, raise flood risk in South Korea and Japan". Accuweather. Archived from the original on 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  10. "China: Floods — Information Bulletin no 2". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012 – via ReliefWeb.
  11. "AIR Post-Disaster Survey for Typhoon Chanchu Documents the Vulnerability of the Chinese Building Stock to Wind and Flood". AIR Worldwide. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  12. Gary Padgett. MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY: SEPTEMBER, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
  13. Tropical Cyclones in 2010 (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 98. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
  14. C. M. Tam and C. M. Cheng. A late-season tropical cyclone related rainstorm in Hong Kong. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
  15. Central Weather Bureau (2010). "侵台颱風資料庫". Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  16. Unattributed (September 9, 2009). "莫拉克颱風暴雨量及洪流量分析" (PDF). Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of China. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  17. Unattributed (September 9, 2009). "莫拉克颱風暴雨量及洪流量分析" (PDF). Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of China. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  18. Chen Zhi (August 2, 2012). "Typhoon Saola dumps heavy downpours around Taiwan". Xinhua General News. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  19. Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1988). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1987 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  20. Lianshou, Chen. Topic 2.1 Observing and forecasting rainfall. Fifth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  21. "Typhoon Sinlaku Central emergency operation center No.12". Central emergency operation center. September 16, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  22. Chiu Yu-Tzu (July 20, 2005). "Haitang fizzles out, leaves Taiwan wet". Taipei Times. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
  23. Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: November 2004". Retrieved June 10, 2012.
  24. Padgett, Gary; Kevin Boyle; John Wallace; Huang Chunliang; Simon Clarke (17 May 2005). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 2004". Australian Severe Weather Index. Jimmy Deguara. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
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