City of Henrico (Virginia Company)

City of Henrico
City of Henrico
Colonial incorporation of England
1619–1634
	; Approximate boundaries of the City of Henrico in 1619 (in purple) as described by Alexander Brown.[1]
History
History
• Instructions from Virginia Company create City of Henrico	1619
• Powhatan attack destroys Henricus	1622
• Virginia becomes royal colony	1624
• Shire of Henrico established	1634
Today part of	Virginia, United States of America

The City of Henrico (also known as Henrico) is one of the oldest counties in the Colony of Virginia. It was one of four incorporations established in the colony by its proprietor, the Virginia Company. The City of Henrico, which included the settlement of Henricus, was the furthest incorporation upstream on the James River. In 1634, Henrico was reorganized under royal authority as the shire of Henrico, one of eight shires in the Crown Colony of Virginia, Later, it became known as Henrico County, Virginia.

History

The City of Henrico was formed in 1618 when the Virginia Company, the proprietor of the colony of Virginia, provided instructions to Governor Sir George Yeardley for the reorganization of the colony's government.[2]^: 98 These instructions provided for the incorporation of most of the plantations and developments of Virginia into four boroughs or cities that extended across the James River, the main conduit of transportation of the era. These incorporations were called James City, Charles City, Kiccowtan [note 1] and Henrico. The seat of the colony's government was in Virginia's only major town, Jamestown in James City.

The City of Henrico's major settlement was the fortified town of Henricus, which was founded by Sir Thomas Dale on what is now known as Farrar's Island,[3] near the location of the Dutch Gap Canal today. Henrico had been founded to eventually replace Jamestown as a healthier and militarily more secure seat of the colony's government. By 1612, Alexander Whitaker, the "apostle to Virginia" who married John Rolfe and Pocahontas, became Henricus's first minister[4] the surrounding lands were designated for the first English college in North America,.[5] and the Falling Creek Ironworks, the first iron production facility in North America,[6] were founded there.

However, by the time the City of Henrico was incorporated in 1619, the town of Henricus was already in a state of dilapidation.[7] The town, the ironworks, and the plan for a college was abandoned after the Powhatan attack of 1622.[8] Initially, the attack had an adverse effect on Henrico's settlement: 1624, 29 people as living in Henrico, all on the former college lands[9] and in 1625, 22 people were listed as living there.[10] However, the City of Henrico's population continued to increase in the following decade.

Jurisdiction

In 1619, the original area of the City of Henrico included the northernmost region of the colony.[1] The northern section incorporated lands around Henricus and Farrar's Island, as well as the settlements of Coxendale, which was on the south bank of the James just east of Farrar's Island,[11] and Arrohattock, which was further upstream from Henricus;[12] South of Farrar's Island, the city included the lands west of Dale's Pale, a defensive work with palisades and a ditch that crossed the neck of the Bermuda Hundred Peninsula from the James river to the falls of the Appomattox River.[13] The city boundaries ended on the Appomattox, where it bordered Charles City.

At its founding, the City of Henrico did not have a governmental seat. All legal issues in the City of Henrico were originally adjudicated by the governor and councillors in Jamestown who served as the Council Court.[14]^: 33 In 1626, the Council of Virginia established a monthly court, which could meet either at Jordan's Journey or Shirley Hundred. Both of these locations were in Charles City, but they served the "Upper Parts" of the James River, which included both Charles City and Henrico.[15] These courts handled civil cases[14]^: 45–46 concerning amounts under the value of 100 pounds of tobacco in 1626[16]^: 125[note 2], which was increased to five pounds sterling in 1632.[16]^: 168 There were six commissioners in the monthly court of the Upper Parts. The councillor William Farrar served as the city's head commissioner from the founding of the court in 1626 to after his reappointment in 1632 by Governor Sir John Harvey, being given the choice of where court was to be held in the 1626 commission [15] and explicitly required to be present at all cases and having the authority to hand down final decision on all cases in the 1632 reappointment[16]^: 168 However criminal cases, civil cases involving large amounts of money, and appeals of decisions by the monthly court were decided by the Council Court in Jamestown.[14]^: 55

The Shire of Henrico

The eight shires of Virginia created in 1634 with Henrico in purple

In 1634, City of Henrico became the Shire of Henrico, one of eight shires in the Royal Colony of Virginia.[16]^: 224 The shire was apportioned lands formerly belonging to Charles City, including Bermuda Hundred and more easterly parts of the northern bank of the James River. The boundaries of Henrico shire was the Chickahominy River in the north, Turkey Creek and the Appomattox River in the east, the Appomattox River in the south, with the west remaining unbounded.[18] By 1642, the Shire of Henrico was already being referred to by its current name, Henrico County, during legislative sessions.[16]^: 239

The county seat of Henrico was established at Varina Plantation and a courthouse was built there sometime before 1688.[19] The courthouse remained at Varina until 1752, when a new one was built in Richmond.[20]

Notes

Kiccowtan, whose modern spelling is Kecoughtan, was renamed Elizabeth City in 1620[2]^: 276 by the Virginia Company in response to the legislative assembly in Virginia's petition to change Kiccowtan's "savage" name [2]^: 161
During the time between 1619 and 1630, tobacco was the primary currency in the colony[17]

References

Brown, Alexander (1898). The First Republic in America. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin. p. 312.
Kingsbury, Susan Myra, ed. (1933). Records of the Virginia Company of London. Vol. 3. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.
Surface, G. T. (1907). "Geographic Influence on the Economic History of Virginia". Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. 39 (7): 402. doi:10.2307/198932. JSTOR 198932.
Porter, Harry C. (1957). "Alexander Whitaker: Cambridge Apostle to Virginia". The William and Mary Quarterly. 14 (3): 317–343. doi:10.2307/1915647. JSTOR 1915647. (registration required)
Chandler, J. A. C.; Thames, Travis B. (1907). Colonial Virginia. Richmond, VA: Times Dispatch. pp. 103–106.
Bezis-Selfa, John (2003). "Dust and Ashes". Forging America: Ironworkers, Adventurers, and the Industrious Revolution. Boston, MA: Cornell University. pp. 45–49. ISBN 0801439930.
Tyler, Lyon Gardiner (1906). The Cradle of the Republic : Jamestown and James River. Richmond, VA: Hermitage Press. pp. 220–221.
Cave, Alfred (2003). "A Plantation of Sorrows". Lethal Encounters: Englishmen and Indians in Colonial Virginia. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska. ISBN 0313393354.
Hotten, John Camden (1874). "Lists of the Living and Dead in Virginia, February 16, 1623". The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious Exiles, Political Rebels, Serving Men Sold for a Term of Years; Apprentices; Children stolen; Maidens Pressed; and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700. New York, NY: Empire State Book. p. 169.
Hotten, John Camden (1874). "Musters of the Inhabitants in Virginia 1624/25". The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious Exiles, Political Rebels, Serving Men Sold for a Term of Years; Apprentices; Children stolen; Maidens Pressed; and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700. pp. 201–202.
Hamor, Ralph (1957) [1626]. A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia. Richmond, VA: Virginia State Library. p. 31.
McCartney, Martha W. (2005). "Chapter 4: Narrative History". In Moretti-Langholtz, D. (ed.). A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial National Park Service, U. S Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017.
Wertenbaker, Thomas J. (1914). Virginia Under the Stuarts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 20.
Chitwood, Oliver P. (1905). Justice in Colonial Virginia. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins.
McIlwaine, Henry R., ed. (1924). Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia 1622-1632, 1670-1676 with Notes and Excerpts from Original Council and General Court Records into 1683, Now Lost. Richmond, VA: Virginia State Library. p. 106.
Hening, William Waller, ed. (1809). The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the year 1619. Published Pursuant to an Act of the General Assembly of Virginia. Richmond, VA: Samuel Pleasants, Jr., Printer to the Commonwealth.
Goldberg, Dror (2015). "King Tobacco, 1619-1630". Money, Credit, and Banking in Virginia, 1585-1645 (PDF). pp. 23–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2018.
Torrence, William C. (1915). "Henrico County, Virginia: Beginnings of Its Families: Part I". The William and Mary Quarterly. 24 (2): 126. doi:10.2307/1914991. JSTOR 1914991.
Virginia Department of Historic Resources (1999). "Henrico". The Virginia Landmarks Register. Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of Historic Resources. p. 228.
Lounsbury, Carl R. (2003). The Courthouses of Early Virginia: An Architectural History. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia. ISBN 9780813923017.