Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad

The company surveyed a number of different routes.[2] The route proposed in 1851 had the railroad's northern terminus in Cleveland,[8] where it would connect with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad.[6] The route then ran through Chagrin Falls, Garrettsville, Warren, Niles, Girard, Youngstown, Poland, and Petersburgh before terminating at Enon Valley, Pennsylvania.[8] Company officials decided in 1852 to bypass Youngstown entirely, shifting the route south (along what is now Interstate 76 and Interstate 80) to reach Enon Valley. David Tod, who returned to the United States from Brazil in 1852, was angry that the railroad would bypass the largest city in his county. He convinced company officials to change the route back.[16]

The railroad then proposed that, after leaving Youngstown, the route should follow the Mahoning River to New Castle.[6] There, it would connect with the North Western Railroad[6][17][18][lower-alpha 1] and the Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad.[6][19][lower-alpha 2] The former gave it access to the Pennsylvania Railroad, while the latter provided access to the industrial and agricultural region between New Castle and New Brighton.[20]

At the end of December 1852, a new board of directors was elected.[19][21] Retained were Baldwin, Kinsman, Perkins, Smith, and Tod; newly elected were Charles L. Rhodes, former agent for the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad,[22] and Henry Wick, a prominent Cleveland banker.[23] Perkins was elected president.[21]

As the company prepared for construction, it had to decide on a track width ("gauge"). The track width has been characterized as both narrow-gauge[18][24] and standard-gauge.[25][26][27][28] It was neither; the gauge was a highly unusual 4 feet 9.375 inches (1,457.32 mm).[29][30] At the time, nearly all railroads in Ohio were built with a 4-foot-10-inch (1,470 mm) gauge (the "Ohio gauge").[17] The directors of the new railroad chose the slightly narrower gauge because they believed it would allow the road to also haul standard-gauge railcars.[29] The confusion about the C&M's gauge likely stems from the fact that the Atlantic and Great Western Railway (a broad-gauge railway) and its owned and leased subsidiaries (which included the C&M) converted to standard-gauge on June 22, 1880.[31]

The Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad initially sold stock to raise construction funds. Investors in Warren and Youngstown bought $275,000 ($8,800,000 in 2022 dollars) in stock, while those in Cleveland purchased $100,000 ($3,500,000 in 2022 dollars).[19]

The route was surveyed by the end of 1852, and construction was ready to begin toward Warren from Cleveland.[19]

Work on the track began in 1853.[4] The company said in January that it had identified locations in Cleveland for the construction of its freight and passenger stations and its docks on the Cuyahoga River. The company also altered its route and bypassed Chagrin Falls after residents there failed to purchase enough of the company's stock.[32][lower-alpha 3] The new route shifted south, passing through Mantua.[2][lower-alpha 4] Company officials also said the railroad would not go south to the village of Poland after passing through Youngstown, again due to a lack of stock subscription.[32] The railroad would instead follow the Mahoning River southeast to New Castle[35] and might even go as far south as New Brighton.[36]

Grading and track work in Cleveland in 1853 began at the Old Ship Channel of the Cuyahoga River in the Ohio City neighborhood of Cleveland. The route crossed the Old Ship Channel to land near Mulberry Avenue, headed southeast (paralleling the avenue), then ran along the Irishtown Bend of the Cuyahoga River. It cut overland to the southeast to avoid the Scranton Flats and Collision Bend[lower-alpha 5] and crossed to the east bank of the Cuyahoga just north of Kingsbury Run. The tracks then ran parallel to and east of Broadway Avenue, shifting to an east-southeast direction about E. 55th Street. After crossing the tracks of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad, the C&M turned sharply southward. Before reaching Hamilton Avenue (now called Harvard Avenue), the tracks shifted southeast again, largely paralleling Harvard Avenue, Caine Avenue, and Miles Avenue before leaving the city.[37] This work was completed by a company based in Livingston, New York. The C&M's "Western Division" ran from Cleveland to Warren. This section was graded by a company from Buffalo, New York.[38] The railroad's "Eastern Division" ran from Warren to its terminus. Grading here was completed by Britton & Co., a construction firm based in Warren.[39] Work between Warren and Youngstown began about August 1853.[40]

The road proved more costly to build than anticipated. To obtain more funds, the company sold $850,000 ($29,900,000 in 2022 dollars) in bonds on August 22, 1853.[41] Another $300,000 ($9,800,000 in 2022 dollars) in stock was sold in Philadelphia in early 1854.[42] By July, grading was complete in Cleveland from the Cuyahoga River to the top of the heights in what was then Newburgh Township.[43][lower-alpha 6] Once more, the railroad ran out of money. This time, it estimated it needed another $200,000 ($6,500,000 in 2022 dollars) to complete grading the road to Youngstown.[48]

To raise the necessary funds, the railroad decided to sell more bonds. The bond sales faltered badly due to the economic challenges brought about by the 1853–54 recession.[3][49] Perkins traveled to the United Kingdom in the spring of 1854 to try to sell bonds to investors there, but met with no success.[2] Perkins returned to the United States, where board members pleaded with him to take over the railroad's presidency in an effort to improve its reputation among investors. Perkins agreed to do so, and even pledged to put $100,000 ($3,300,000 in 2022 dollars) of his own money into the railroad—but only if his fellow board members agreed to personally guarantee the road's debts. The board members agreed to do so,[2][3][9] with their investment totaling $440,000 ($14,300,000 in 2022 dollars).[20] The strategy worked, for the company was able to sell another $469,200 ($15,300,000 in 2022 dollars)[20] in bonds on September 8, 1854.[41]

With construction tentatively scheduled for completion between Cleveland and Warren in 1855, Perkins and Tod spent two weeks in December 1954 in Philadelphia, where they managed to personally borrow $20,000 ($700,000 in 2022 dollars) which enabled the company to purchase two locomotives.[3][50] The road now had sufficient funds to buy rails to lay track from Cleveland to Youngstown and a limited quantity of rolling stock to begin operations.[50] Rails were purchased from the Phoenixville Manufacturing Co., and the first shipment arrived in late May 1855.[51] The railroad's first locomotive, the Philadelphia, was manufactured by the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Co. and delivered in late July.[52] The second big shipment of rails arrived in mid-October.[53]

At Plank Road Station, on Cleveland's southern border, the railroad constructed its first rail yard. The hamlet which grew up around the yards was renamed Randall, in honor of former United States Postmaster General Alexander Randall. (It was incorporated as the village of North Randall in 1908.)[54] Most of the route in Portage County, Ohio, was graded in 1855, and track partially laid. By November 7, the line was complete between Mantua and Warren, and construction trains were running on the line.[55] On November 20, the C&M awarded a contract to the Chamberlain Co. to grade the route from Youngstown to New Castle.[56]

The winter which began in late 1855 was extremely severe, and little construction could be accomplished. This pushed the date for completion of the line into 1856.[57] To accept freight directly from cargo ships, the railroad announced in March 1856 it would build docks on either side of Columbus Street on the south bank of the Cuyahoga River (the southernmost part of Irishtown Bend).[58] The first 30 miles (48 km) of track south of Cleveland opened in April 1856.[59] On July 1, the railroad opened all the way to Warren.[57][60]

With the beginning of rail operations, the C&M needed a superintendent to manage the road's day-to-day operations. W.C. Clelland, of the Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, was appointed superintendent on June 15, 1856,[61] but he resigned suddenly just a month later.[62] Charles L. Rhodes was then appointed superintendent temporarily.[3][63] He was replaced by George Robinson, a superintendent with the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad. Robinson, who also was the C&M's chief engineer, stayed until 1865.[64]

The C&M reached Youngstown in the fall of 1856,[lower-alpha 7] and opened for commercial traffic to that city on November 24, 1856.[66] This left the C&M 0.75 miles (1.21 km) short of any connection to an eastern railroad.[67]

Track did not initially extend beyond Youngstown in 1856. In part, the railroad lacked the funds, saying it needed at least $50,000 ($1,600,000 in 2022 dollars) to complete this work.[68] The C&M also discovered that the North Western Railroad at Blairsville was willing to ship freight east but not west, which significantly hindered the new road (as it was costly to ship empty rail cars back to Cleveland).[69]

No additional work on the Cleveland and Mahoning's main line was made after 1857,[20][4] leaving the main line just about 67 miles (108 km) long.[20]

The Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad also failed to complete its northern terminus. Work on the main line had terminated at the docks on the Scranton Flats (not Irishtown Bend), leaving the railroad 0.75 miles (1.21 km) short of its connection with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad.[67]

Firming up operations on the existing, incomplete road became the company's immediate goal. It initiated a new bond sale on March 27, 1857,[41] raising $344,100 ($10,800,000 in 2022 dollars).[20] A portion of these funds were used to lessen the steep grade in the Tremont area of Cleveland. The company also purchased 11 more locomotives. To accommodate its growing fleet, the C&M contracted with the Chas. Weatherhead construction firm to build its first maintenance shops and roundhouse In Cleveland, just west of the intersection of Literary Road and Mahoning Avenue.[70][lower-alpha 8] In 1861, the railroad demolished its existing wooden bridge over the Cuyahoga River near Kingsbury Run in Cleveland, and replaced it with an iron Howe truss bridge.[71]

The C&M still needed to find a connection to an eastern railroad. In April 1853, the Pennsylvania General Assembly enacted legislation allowing the C&M to run cars to New Castle, but the statute did not authorize construction of a railroad.[72] This changed in February 1854, when the Pennsylvania legislature amended the law to allow the C&M to build a line "to a point at or near New Castle". These rights, however, only lasted for ten years.[72] The North Western Railroad offered to build a line to the C&M from New Castle, but C&M officials expressed disinterest in this approach[73] because they were already in talks with a different railroad.[74] The Panic of 1857 and opposition from Pittsburgh business and railroad interests (whose city would be bypassed by the connection) ended any further overtures by the North Western Railroad.[73]

As the iron and steel industry in the Mahoning Valley grew significantly after 1856, far less coal was available to send to Cleveland. This loss of freight traffic negatively impacted the C&M's profit margin to a great degree. To solve the problem, the road decided to build a branch from Youngstown into the coal fields around Hubbard, Ohio.[71] To raise funds to build the branch, the railroad sold $72,500 ($2,200,000 in 2022 dollars) worth of new bonds on January 15, 1862.[41] The Hubbard Branch was under construction by February 1863. Initially, railroad officials predicted it would be complete by May 1863,[71] but the dire need for railroad ties and rails brought about by the American Civil War delayed this, and the Hubbard Branch was not finished until 1865.[29] The 12.37 miles (19.91 km) branch[75] extended from the terminus of the C&M's main line in Youngstown to the Ohio-Pennsylvania border.[76][5]

Completion of the C&M to Youngstown led to the significant diminution of traffic on the nearby Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. Opened in 1840, the canal connected New Castle with Akron, Ohio, by following the Mahoning River and then West Branch of the Mahoning River before cutting cross-country to the city of Kent, Ohio. From there, it largely followed the Cuyahoga River to Akron. With the C&M in financial difficulty due to the loss of coal traffic, the state of Ohio decided in 1863 to sell its stock in the canal to the railroad for $30,000 ($700,000 in 2022 dollars). The sale was intended to give the railroad a new source of revenue, but the C&M barely used the canal. The canal's value was in its right of way, and the C&M later sold most of the canal to the Pittsburgh, Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, which filled it in and used it as the bed for its track.[77]

As early as 1852, the C&M was in talks to make its eastern connection with the Atlantic & Great Western Railway (A&GW).[74] The impetus behind the talks came from the completion in early 1851 of the Erie Railway (then known as the New York and Erie Rail Road) between New York City and Dunkirk, New York (a small town on the shore of Lake Erie halfway between Buffalo, New York, and the New York-Pennsylvania border).[78] On June 30, 1851, the state of New York issued a charter to the Erie and New York City Railroad, giving it authority to build a railroad line from Salamanca, New York, westward through Randolph and Jamestown to the Pennsylvania border. Work began in 1853, but the railroad ran out of money in 1855 and became moribund.[79] Business interests in Ohio greatly desired a cross-state railroad which would link with the Erie at some point. In March 1851, the state of Ohio chartered the Franklin and Warren Railroad (F&W), authorizing it to build a railroad from Dayton, Ohio, to Warren and then east to the Ohio-Pennsylvania border.[78] The F&W investigated the charter of the Pittsburgh and Erie Railroad,[74] which had been chartered in 1846,[80] and discovered that its vaguely-worded charter allowed it to build a railroad from Kinsman, Ohio, to any point in Warren County, New York.[74]

Frederick Kinsman, president of the F&W, invited C&M president Jacob Perkins to meet with representatives of the Pittsburg & Erie, the Clinton Line Railroad, the Erie & New York City, the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad, and a group of financiers from Meadville, Pennsylvania, on October 1, 1852. The C&M and most of the other railroads present agreed to join forces, and to seek a connection with the Erie Railway. The Erie agreed not only to a connection but also to survey the proposed route across Pennsylvania at its own expense.[74] The Franklin & Warren changed its name in 1853 to the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad (A&GW OH).[78] The A&GW OH began work in August 1853 with funds provided by the Meadville investors, but money ran out after only a few miles were graded.[74]

While the Ohio railroad stalled, in April 1857 the state of Pennsylvania granted a charter to the Meadville Railroad Co. to build a line from Erie, Pennsylvania, to Meadville. The state also gave the Meadville the right to purchase any a branch line constructed under the charter of the Pittsburg & Erie. These rights were purchased in July 1857, but the Panic of 1857 left the Meadville unable to sell any construction bonds. The Meadville changed its name to the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad (A&GW PA) in 1858. Officials of the A&GW PA traveled to the United Kingdom to seek investors, where it won the backing of expatriate railroad financier James McHenry. Additional support came in July 1858 when José de Salamanca, 1st Count of los Llanos sold $1 million ($33,800,000 in 2022 dollars) of A&GW PA construction bonds in Spain. The A&GW PA incorporated a new company, the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad (A&GW NY), in New York state in 1859 and purchased the Erie & New York City.[74] In the first public indication that the Cleveland and Mahoning and all three A&GW roads were working together, the news media reported in March 1859 that the A&GW (a wide-gauge road) had even proposed to add a third rail to the C&M tracks all the way to Cleveland so that no transshipment of freight or passengers need occur.[81]

In January 1860, the A&GW roads announced that they had an agreement to use the C&M to reach Cleveland, even though the latter road still had no connection to any other railroad in the city.[82] The A&GW NY opened between Salamanca and Jamestown in September 1860, and to Corry, Pennsylvania, in May 1861.[74] The outbreak of the Civil War caused funds for construction to dry up,[83] so in August 1861 officials from all three A&GW roads sought out McHenry again. McHenry and the monarchy of Spain both provided more funds to the A&GW. The Trent Affair, which threatened war between the United States and United Kingdom, delayed receipt of these funds slightly. Work resumed in mid-1862, and in February 1863 the English railway magnate Sir Morton Peto made an additional large investment in the three A&GWs (which established a joint board of directors to govern all three companies under the name "Atlantic and Great Western Railroad").[84]

The Atlantic & Great Western and the Cleveland and Mahoning connected at Warren some time before May 28, 1863.[85] In July 1863, the A&GW leased the C&M.[84][lower-alpha 9] Part of the lease required the A&GW to complete the last 11.75 miles (18.91 km) of C&M track in Cleveland by May 1, 1864. This meant extending the track to the proposed terminus on Whiskey Island on the Old Ship Channel, as well as completing all necessary side track, turnouts, and docks.[30] In an addendum, the A&GW also agreed to lease the incomplete Hubbard Branch[87] and complete it by January 1, 1864.[30][2]

McHenry advanced the C&M $300,000 ($7,100,000 in 2022 dollars) to enable it to purchase rolling stock.[88] A&GW trains began running on the Cleveland & Mahoning on July 20, 1863.[89] Work on a new passenger depot at the Scranton Flats began in August 1863,[90] and a rail yard for the new depot completed on November 4.[91]

The Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad leased two smaller Ohio railroads on January 1, 1864. The larger road to be leased was the 35-mile (56 km) Niles and New Lisbon Railroad, which the C&M obtained access to for 90 years.[87] This railroad traced its origins to an 1827 charter permitting construction of a 95-mile (153 km) line linking Ashtabula (on the shore of Lake Erie) with the village of New Lisbon in Columbiana County, Ohio. The Ashtabula and New Lisbon Railroad Company began construction on the line in 1853.[16][76] It was only completed between Ashtabula and Niles (a town about halfway between Warren and Youngstown),[76] and in 1864 the uncompleted section was leased to the New Lisbon Railroad Co. This road went bankrupt trying to complete the line.[16][76] The Niles and New Lisbon Railroad purchased the incomplete Niles-to-New Lisbon segment in 1869 and finished construction.[16][76] The smaller road to be leased was the 7.75-mile (12.47 km)[92] Liberty and Vienna Railroad.[87] This road extended from the Church Hill Coal Co. Railroad in Liberty Township[76] (about 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Youngstown) due north to the unincorporated village of Vienna. The route was completed in 1868, and extended west to Girard and then southeast to Youngstown in 1870[16] (a distance of 5.5 miles (8.9 km)).[93] Although the Girard-and-Youngstown branch was sold in 1871 to the Ashtabula, Youngstown and Pittsburg Rail Road,[76] the remainder became part of the C&M.[94][lower-alpha 10]

The Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad's focus on connecting with the A&GW led the C&M to neglect its responsibilities under its Pennsylvania charter. On May 4, 1864, the Pennsylvania General Assembly repealed the C&M's charter, and turned over authority to construct a route between the state line and New Castle to the Lawrence Railroad and Transportation Co.[95] The C&M still sought a direct connection to Pittsburgh, and began seeking an extension of its charter authority in 1866.[2] The Pennsylvania General Assembly refused to approve the charter revision in April 1866,[96] after heavy lobbying against it by Pennsylvania railroads.[97] Committed to reaching New Castle, however, the C&M reluctantly agreed to connect to the Lawrence Railroad once it completed its branch line between New Castle and the Hubbard Branch. (Work on the branch line was completed in March 1867.)[98]

On June 20, 1864, the A&GW, pushing from the west, created another link with the Cleveland and Mahoning. With the western end of the A&GW connecting to the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad, which gave C&M freight access to St. Louis, Missouri.[84]

On August 19, 1865, the three A&GW railroads merged into a new company, the Atlantic and Great Western Railway.[99]

The A&GW went bankrupt in 1867.[100] The A&GW was now leased to the Erie Railway. Beginning in 1867, railroad developer and speculator Jay Gould had waged a successful stock battle for control of the Erie Railway.[101] Gould now began to extend the Erie's reach westward to Chicago, a critical market if his road was to compete with the New York Central Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad.[102] His first step in this endeavor was to lease the Erie's long-time partner, the A&GW.[103][lower-alpha 11]

In 1869, the C&M's Hubbard Branch finally gained access to Pennsylvania via trackage rights on two small railroads. The first of these was the Sharon Railway, which was constructed by the Sharon Iron Co. in 1862 to link its iron works with the Brier Hill coal mine in Brookfield Township, Ohio.[104] This 2.09-mile (3.36 km) long industrial railroad extended from the Pennsylvania-Ohio border to Sharon, Pennsylvania,[105] and then slightly north to Pymatuning Junction.[106][lower-alpha 12] The other leased railroad was the Westerman Railroad, completed on May 20, 1864, and constructed by Coleman, Westerman & Co. to connect its iron works with the coal mines in Brookfield Township.[107] This 1.5-mile (2.4 km) long[108] industrial railroad originated in Sharon and extended 0.75 miles (1.21 km) into Ohio.[109] Together, the Sharon Railway and Westerman Railroad pushed the Hubbard Branch a total of 9.85 miles (15.85 km) into Pennsylvania.[110] The C&M obtained trackage rights on both industrial roads, upgraded the line for passenger and freight trains, and ran its first passenger train over them on April 1, 1869.[107]

The A&GW emerged from bankruptcy in 1871 under its old name, the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad,[111] and the lease to the Erie ended.

James McHenry purchased all but 19 shares of the C&M's outstanding stock in April 1872. This stock was then transferred to an investment trust, the Rental Trust Bonds of the Atlantic and Great Western Railway ("the 1872 rental trust").[112]

Recognizing the importance of the Niles & New Lisbon and the Vienna & Liberty shortlines to the C&M, McHenry now moved to ensure that neither line could be taken from him. He sold about $5.5 million ($134,400,000 in 2022 dollars) in bonds to purchase the two roads, and then created a sinking fund for their revenues to repay the debt.[24] On July 25, 1872, the Cleveland & Mahoning, Niles & New Lisbon, and Vienna & Liberty were merged under the laws of Ohio into a new company, the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad (C&MV).[87][28][2] Over the next several decades, the C&MV made money but the two shortlines did not.[87] The C&MV now began being referred to as the Mahoning Division of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad.[112]

Gould lost control of the Erie Railway in March 1872,[113] but the railroad's new managers retained Gould's strategy of trying to reach Chicago.[114] In a lease dated May 1, 1872, but not ratified by stockholders until June 25, the Erie Railway agreed to lease the A&GW for 99 years for an annual rent of $800,000 ($20,700,000 in 2022 dollars) a year. The lease did not cover the C&MV, however, which remained tied only to the AG&W and not the Erie.[115] After Hugh J. Jewett became president of the Erie in July 1874, he discovered that the lease required the A&GW to purchase a controlling interest in the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway, and turn over the stock to the Erie. This the A&GW had not done. Moreover, the A&GW had the right to demand that the Erie deposit an unlimited amount of securities in an Ohio bank of its choosing in order to ensure the good creditworthiness and continuing operation of the A&GW.[116] Jewett declared the lease broken by the A&GW's failure to perform.[117] Its finances destabilized by the loss of rental income and security guarantees, the A&GW went into receivership on December 8, 1874,[118]

The AG&W spent six years drifting through bankruptcy.[119] As it did, the C&MV expanded its route slightly when the Sharon Railway extended its line to Shenango Junction[lower-alpha 13] in 1876.[120] In 1877, Chagrin Falls businessman William Hutchings constructed a 5-mile (8.0 km) branch from Chagrin Falls to the C&MV main line.[121]

The A&GW finally emerged from bankruptcy in 1880. The company owed more than $60 million ($1,551,900,000 in 2022 dollars), and most of its rolling stock had been repossessed for lack of payment. It was widely believed in the railroad industry that the A&GW could be made profitable with the expenditure of about $5 million ($137,400,000 in 2022 dollars), which would allow it to be converted to standard-gauge and purchase enough rolling stock to make it operational again. The Erie Railway (now formally known as the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad), still seeking a western main line, agreed to raise the money. The A&GW would be permitted to retain two-thirds of its earnings, with the remaining one-third going to the Erie. In England, McHenry and the other owners of the "1872 investment trust" were outraged: They had purchased more than $50 million ($1,293,200,000 in 2022 dollars) in AG&W stock and $70 million ($1,810,500,000 in 2022 dollars) in AG&W bonds, and had seen no return. They initiated several lawsuits which delayed the A&GW's emergence from bankruptcy for three years.[116] Finally, on March 16, 1880, the five trustees of the A&GW organized a new company, the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad (NYP&O, pronounced "Nip-ah-no"), on behalf of the bondholders.[122] The Atlantic & Great Western was sold to the NYP&O on March 20, 1880.[123]

On June 22, 1880, the C&MV was converted to standard-gauge in a single day.[31]

In order to retain control of the C&MV, the NYP&O executed supplemental leases with the road on May 4, 1880, and again on April 24, 1883.[28] The NYP&O converted the C&MV's trackage rights on the Westerman Railroad into a formal lease on January 1, 1886.[109]

In the spring of 1886, the NYP&O completed the C&MV route in Cleveland, at last making the connection to another railroad.[55] To cross the peninsula between the Old Ship Channel and the Irishtown Bend, the track bed was placed in a channel, with Hemlock, Maine, Washington, and Winslow Avenues passing over the tracks via stone bridges.[124][lower-alpha 14] Trains began running July 4.[55] The C&MV's rail yards extended for nearly 2 miles (3.2 km)[125] along the southwest bank of the Old Ship Channel, around Irishtown Bend, and in Tremont.[124] The NYP&O replaced the C&MV's bridge over the Cuyahoga River at Kingsbury Run with a jackknife bridge, and rebuilt the bridge over Kingsbury Run itself.[125] The NYP&O also built a new C&MV dock just north of where the C&MV tracks curved westward to pass under Detroit Avenue.[126]

On March 6, 1883, the Erie Railroad leased the NYP&O.[127]

By 1886, the C&MV was the NYP&O's most important line, generating 55 percent of the entire NYP&O's 6,045,000 short tons (5,484,000 t) of annual freight. There was so much freight traffic on the C&MV that the line was overloaded. Its docks in Cleveland were still not automated, and the use of manual labor left so much freight backed up that the docks actually moved less freight in 1886 than they did in 1885.[128]

A joint study of the situation by the Erie and C&MV, released in February 1888, recommended that the line between Cleveland and Youngstown finally be double-tracked at a cost of $1.25 million ($40,700,000 in 2022 dollars). The study also recommended, among other things, that new steam-powered unloaders be built at the Cleveland docks at a cost of $250,000 ($8,100,000 in 2022 dollars).[128]

Double-track work began in May 1888 with the successful sale of new bonds.[129][130] Work commenced in the early fall of 1888.[131] To cut costs, the C&MV prefabricated each short bridge and carried it to the worksite en toto on flatbed cars. There, the bridges were placed on skids before being winched into place using hand-powered derricks. Larger bridges were prefabricated in pieces, and set into place the same way. In only one case, that of the longest bridge on the line, did the railroad need to build a temporary trestle to carry the track while a new bridge was put in place.[132] The C&MV found, however, that it had too few funds on hand to complete the double-tracking and build all the required rail yards. Officials decided to regrade the entire road for double track, but only lay 56 miles (90 km) of rail.[131] The double-tracking effort ended in 1890, with just 10 miles (16 km) of track left to double.[133]

The NYP&O once more fell into financial difficulty in 1895. The Erie Railroad agreed to purchase all the debt and stock of the road on January 1, 1896. The NYP&O was reorganized on March 16, 1896, as the Nypano Railroad Company.[134] The Erie continued to lease the C&MV as well. This latest lease gave the Erie control of the road until March 1, 1962, in exchange for an annual rent of $514,180 ($18,100,000 in 2022 dollars).[129]

A number of changes were made to the C&MV over the next 35 years. The railroad was realigned between Hubbard and Chestnut Ridge (County Highway 12 to the northeast), and several tight curves improved.[135] The Sharon Railway purchased the New Castle and Shenango Valley Railroad in November 1900, finally giving the C&MV a connection to New Castle. On January 1, 1901 (retroactive to December 1, 1900), the Nypano leased the Sharon Railway for 900 years.[120] The new lease allowed the C&MV to abandon the rarely-profitable Vienna & Liberty Railroad, which it did in 1901.[136] The Nypano spent $3 million ($101,500,000 in 2022 dollars) on C&MV track, depot, and yard improvements in 1903.[137] Fifteen bridges were replaced in 1905, including a two-span bridge over the Shenango River at Sharon.[138] In 1941, the Nypano leased a portion of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad line in Ravenna, Ohio. This 2.5 miles (4.0 km) piece of track became the Mahoning Division's main line (giving the division a better route through the city than its existing double-tracked and single-tracked lines). The Erie purchased this track in 1945.[139] In 1912, the Nypano replaced the damaged swing bridge over the Cuyahoga River north of Kingsbury Run with a new 180-foot (55 m), double-tracked, single-leaf Strauss bascule bridge.[140]

The Nypano built a new, steam-operated coal tipple and dock for the C&MV in 1912, near what is now the western abutment of the Detroit-Superior Bridge. It was designed by Wellman Engineering, a prominent Cleveland firm.[141] C&MV traffic along the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland was so extensive, the C&MV expanded its rail yard at Irishtown Bend to eight tracks to accommodate it.[142] Construction on the Detroit-Superior Bridge began in 1914, The coal tipple was moved 200 feet (61 m) upstream in 1917 to accommodate the bridge.[141]

On March 9, 1917, the Nypano signed a new, amended lease with the C&MV. This lease gave the Nypano control of the road for 999 years in exchange for an annual rent of $558,967 ($12,800,000 in 2022 dollars) (plus taxes).[28]

In the mid-1920s, the Erie Railroad fell under the control of the Nickel Plate Securities Corporation. This company had been established in 1915 by O. P. Van Sweringen and M. J. Van Sweringen ("The Vans"), two brothers from Cleveland. The Vans were real estate developers who had been frustrated in their attempts to win construction of a streetcar line from their Shaker Heights, Ohio, development to downtown Cleveland. In April 1916, the Vans purchased a controlling interest in the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (known as the "Nickel Plate Railroad"), whose charter permitted a rail line into downtown Cleveland. To protect their Nickel Plate investment, the Vans began acquiring other railroads as well. As part of this strategy, from November 1924 to January 1925 the Vans purchased enough stock in the Erie Railroad to take control of that property.[143]

The complex system of holding companies and loans which the Vans used to build their railroad empire collapsed in 1933 with the onset of the Great Depression.[144]

As the Van Sweringen railroads struggled with bankruptcy, the Erie Railroad sought ways to cut costs. The company was still paying $558,967 to the British stockholders of the C&MV, even though income from the line had fallen far below that. Erie officials learned that the stockholders, many of whom needed cash to help them get through the depression, would be willing to sell.[145] The Erie needed a loan to pay for the transactions. It approached the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which in mid-October 1939 approved the loan.[146][147] The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) approved the $7.9 million ($166,200,000 in 2022 dollars) purchase on November 16.[148]

This left only the Nypano (the C&MV's lease-holder) and the C&MV's bondholders as the only obstacle to the Erie's complete ownership of the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad. In 1941, the Erie sought approval from the ICC to sell $18 million ($358,100,000 in 2022 dollars) in bonds. This would allow the Erie to purchase the Nypano and pay off the C&MV's existing bonds. The ICC approved the bond sale on September 15, 1941,[149] and the purchase of the Nypano and C&MV bonds on October 28.[150] A bankruptcy court gave its approval on December 19, 1941, when it allowed the Erie to emerge from bankruptcy.[151]

The Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad's existence as an independent corporation came to a close on May 7, 1942.[152]

On October 17, 1960, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad merged with the Erie Railroad to become the Erie Lackawanna Railroad.[162] The Erie Lackawanna made major repairs to the former C&MV track near the Detroit-Superior Bridge in late 1960 after it was discovered that the track bed and subsided significantly. A later investigation concluded that saturated soil, caused by either a nearby broken water line or an unknown natural spring, was the culprit.[163] In 1964, the Erie Lackawanna canceled all intercity passenger train traffic on the old C&MV, leaving a Cleveland-to-Youngstown commuter train as the only regularly scheduled passenger service on the line.[164]

The Erie Lackawanna filed for bankruptcy on June 26, 1972, after Hurricane Agnes devastated much of its track.[165]

The Erie Lackawanna lingered in bankruptcy until 1976. A number of other northeastern railroads had also gone bankrupt, and in 1975 Congress enacted legislation creating Conrail, a quasi-governmental corporation with authority to take over the bankrupt roads, improve them, abandon unprofitable branches and main lines, and make freight traffic profitable again. Conrail took over the Erie Lackawanna and the other railroads on April 1, 1976.[166]

Conrail renamed the C&MV track, calling the old First Subdivision the "Randall Secondary"[167] and the old Second Subdivision the "Freedom Secondary".[168]

Conrail abandoned the 31-mile (50 km) Lisbon Branch immediately after taking over the Erie-Lackawanna.[169] Conrail then ended Cleveland-to-Youngstown commuter service on January 14, 1977.[170][lower-alpha 16]

Conrail began trimming its freight service on the old C&MV in the 1980s. The railroad began moving freight traffic onto its Cleveland Line (the old Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad) in the late 1970s and early 1980s, leaving the Randall and Freedom Secondaries with almost no traffic.[172] It abandoned the C&MV line east of Mantua in 1981,[173] and the line between Hubbard and Sharon in 1982.[174] It removed 22 miles (35 km) of track between Mantua and Leavittsburg in 1982,[175] and in 1982 and 1983 it removed portions of its track within the cities of Warren (1.6 miles (2.6 km))[176] and Youngstown (1.39 miles (2.24 km)).[177]

In 1982, Conrail removed 3.3 miles (5.3 km) of track in Cleveland, from the terminus on Whiskey Island to its Von Willer Yard (at E. 93rd Street and Harvard Avenue).[178] About 1993, Conrail abandoned the remainder of the Randall Secondary east of Chamberlain Road.[179][lower-alpha 17]

Some of the former C&MV main line in Cleveland was lost to road construction in the 1980s. Riverbed Street had, for many decades, been a single-lane road which paralleled the most inland track at Irishtown Bend. The road was widened to two lanes in 1985, with the new eastern lane covering this track.[142]

In July 1993, Conrail sold the 35-acre (140,000 m²) former C&MV rail yards on Whiskey Island to Whiskey Island Partners, a real estate development corporation, for $1.6 million ($3,200,000 in 2022 dollars).[180] The private company spent $300,000 moving Conrail's track off Whiskey Island.[181] In December 2004, Cuyahoga County purchased the land from the Whiskey Island Partners, as well as the rest of Whiskey Island, for $6.25 million ($9,700,000 in 2022 dollars).[182] The county used most of the peninsula to create Wendy Park.[183]

Conrail sold in June 1994, among other assets, a 7.2-mile (11.6 km) segment of the Freedom Secondary between Kent and Ravenna to the newly formed Akron Barberton Cluster Railway.[184] This portion of track was later sold to the Portage Private Industry Council, and in 2004 to the Portage County Port Authority (which continued to lease it to the Akron Barberton Cluster Railway).[185]

In 1996, the Warren and Trumbull Railroad gained access to two sections of former C&MV track. In May, Conrail sold a 5-mile (8.0 km) segment of the Freedom Secondary between North Warren and Leavittsburg to the newly formed Economic Development Rail II Corporation, a nonprofit organization created by the Mahoning Valley Economic Development Corporation. This portion of track was leased to the Warren and Trumbull Railroad.[186] The following August, the Warren and Trumbull Railroad Company purchased 12.9 miles (20.8 km) of Randall Secondary and Freedom Secondary main line, spurs, and siding (the "Lordstown Cluster Lines").[187]

In January 1997, the Youngstown Belt Railroad purchased about 3 miles (4.8 km) of Randall Secondary main line, spurs, and siding between West Crossing in Youngstown and Weathersfield Township.[188]

In 1998, most of Conrail was acquired by CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway, which divided the company between them. The Norfolk Southern (NS) ended up with the Randall Secondary.[179]

In June 2009, the Cleveland Commercial Railroad (CCR) signed an agreement in which it leased 25 miles (40 km) of the Randall Secondary (between the Von Willer Yard and the end of functioning track east of Aurora).[189] The NS and CCR both proposed in June 2017 abandoning the 5.5 miles (8.9 km) of the line west of Chamberlain Road, and removing the track.[190]

The Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad's main line ran from Cleveland to Youngstown, and was originally 67.81 miles (109.13 km) long.[75][lower-alpha 18] Siding and other track along the main line totaled 10 miles (16 km) in 1867,[86] but after completion of the line and significant expansion of yards it totaled 209.76 miles (337.58 km) in 1922.[28] Completion of the main line by the Atlantic & Great Western Railway left the main line 80.81 miles (130.05 km) long.[129] Doubled (or "secondary") track along the route was initially 65.72 miles (105.77 km) in 1898,[129] but had reached 77.29 miles (124.39 km) by 1922.[28]

The Hubbard Branch began in Youngstown and ran through Hubbard to the Ohio-Pennsylvania border, a distance of 12.37 miles (19.91 km).[75]

The Niles & New Lisbon Railroad (later known as the Lisbon Branch) ran from Niles to a point about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of New Lisbon, a total distance of 36.25 miles (58.34 km).[129][105]

The Liberty & Vienna Railroad (later known as the Liberty Branch) ran from Liberty Township to the village of Vienna, a distance of about 7.75 miles (12.47 km).[92]

The Westerman Railroad and Sharon Railway extended the Hubbard Branch 9.85 miles (15.85 km) to Pymatuning Junction in Pennsylvania.[110]

After completion of the double-track, the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad had a grade of 0.398 going west and 0.49 going east. The grade was a much steeper 1.1 from the shore of Lake Erie to the heights of Cleveland.[6] The steep grade from the heights to the shore meant that trains were limited to just 130 cars past the North Randall yard.[125]

About milepost 41, near Garrettsville, the huge Mahoning Siding had spurs to numerous sand and gravel quarries in the area, and provided extensive holding areas for ore cars as they awaited connection to a freight train.[192] The two tracks of the main line crossed one another just west of Leavittsburg (a location known as "SN Junction").[157] In the city limits of Warren, the double track became a gauntlet track.[193]

By the late 1950s, the Brier Hill Yard at Youngstown was 25 tracks wide and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long. The main line was actually triple-tracked here so that sleeper car trains would not be delayed. Southeast of Crab Creek was Himrod Junction, where trains bound for Pittsburgh could veer southeast and connect with another Erie subdivision. Trains headed for Hoboken, New Jersey, stayed on the C&MV.[194]

Between Hubbard and Sharon, the line single-tracked for 3.5 miles (5.6 km). Trains also single-tracked over the Shenango River and across the Pymatuning Swamp. Double-tracking began again at Pymatuning Junction.[195]

Beginning about 1993, Portage County began acquiring 7 miles (11 km) of abandoned Randall Secondary track between Mantua and Garrettsville. By 1997, it had assembled the entire segment from various landowners, and the parcels were renamed the Headwaters Trail. A $50,000 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars) bequest enabled the newly created Portage County Park District to begin grading the right of way and turning it into a biking aned hiking trail. The eastern portion of the trail was completed about October 1997.[196] The western portion, paid for by a $99,000 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars) grant from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), opened the following year.[197] The park district was able to obtain a missing 1.5-mile (2.4 km) long section of abandoned track[198] in 2003 for $46,000, enabling the eastern and western segments of the trail to connect.[199]

The park district acquired an additional 1.35 miles (2.17 km) of abandoned track at the western end of the trail in November 2017. A $60,000 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars) grant from the ODNR allowed the park district to resurface the entire length of the trail in 2018.[200] The same month, the park district signed a purchase agreement to obtain 0.8 miles (1.3 km) of abandoned track at the eastern terminus of the Headwaters Trail.[201][lower-alpha 19]

Looking north from Washington Avenue at the north leg of the Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail.

In 1987,[203] a series of archaeological digs at Irishtown Bend led to a report that recommended protecting the site.[204] Following up on this recommendation, the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission released a report in April 1992 that proposed a biking and hiking trail along the old C&MV track bed at Irishtown Bend and the Scranton Flats to link Whiskey Island in the north with the Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail in the south.[205] In January 2009, a group spearheaded by the city of Cleveland issued a report which once more called for turning the abandoned trackbed between Whiskey Island and the Towpath Trail into a biking-hiking trail. The plan also included the construction of a new pedestrian bridge over the Old Ship Channel of the Cuyahoga River to reconnect the tracks with the old C&MV rail yard (now part of Wendy Park).[206]

Negotiations to obtain title to the C&MV trackbed began in 2008. The Trust for Public Land (TPL), a national nonprofit which coordinates and facilities the creation of parkland, negotiated on behalf of the group with Westbank Development Corp.[206] On December 28, 2009, TPL purchased for $3.2 million ($4,400,000 in 2022 dollars) title and an easement covering 1.3 miles (2.1 km) of former C&MV trackbed between the Old Ship Channel and the Cuyahoga River near Kingsbury Run.[207]

Cleveland Metroparks oversaw initial design work for the proposed trail, which began in 2009.[207] The agency began bridge design work in 2014.[208] A February 2015 restudy of Irishtown Bend geologic instability, issued by the Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority, led to a delay in constructing trail along Irishtown Bend until the hillside was permanently stabilized.[209]

The 0.25-mile (0.40 km) southern leg of the Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail opened on August 13, 2015. This leg began at the northern terminus of the Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail and crossed the base of the Scranton Peninsula before terminating at Columbus Road on the eastern side of Irishtown Bend.[210] The 0.5-mile (0.80 km) northern leg of the Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail opened on June 9, 2017. This leg ran from the Detroit-Superior Bridge northwest and west to the Old Ship Channel.[211][212]

Cleveland Metroparks said it would seek bids to build the Whiskey Island pedestrian bridge before the end of 2017.[211] The agency said it hoped to begin construction on the bridge in the summer of 2018, and complete work at the end of 2019.[213]