Coerced religious conversion in Pakistan

Some Islamic institutions and clerics have been alleged to be involved in coercing religious minorities to convert to Islam by threatening to harm or withhold economic opportunities to members or minority groups who refuse to convert .[3][4][5][6]

Some coerced conversions are results of kidnappings or violent threats while others are due to the systemic discrimination that many Hindus face in their professional, public, and private lives, and conversion is seen by many as a way to avoid religious discrimination and violence.[7]

According to some child protection activists, the forced conversion of young girls is part of a moneymaking scheme involving corrupt public and religious figures who allow underaged girls to be converted to islam and married to older men in exchange for money.[8]

Jürgen Schaflechner, a cultural anthropologist specializing on Hindus in Pakistan, states that conversions are rarely motivated by religious zeal, and are instead a consequence of the commodification of and denial of agency to women in a deeply patriarchal society.[9]

In May 2007, Christian citizens of Charsadda (a city which is close to the border with Afghanistan) reported that they had received letters purportedly from the Taliban threatening them with violence if they do not convert to Islam, and that the police did not take the threats seriously.[10] In 2015, Christians in Charsadda again received threatening letters asking them to convert; in response the local police say increased security at churches.[11]

In April 2012 three Hindu sisters were allegedly threatened into converting to Islam.[12][13][14] their cases were appealed all the way to the Supreme Court of Pakistan, where the appeal was admitted but has remained unheard.[15]

Hindus may convert to Islam in order to acquire Watan Cards (a cash transfer programme by the Government of Pakistan to transfer money to flood affected people[16]) and National Identification Cards. Some converts are also given land and money.[17]

A survey conducted by a Pakistani Hindu organization found that a majority of scheduled caste Pakistani Hindu families dont send their female children to schools due to the fear of forced conversion and kidnapping.[18]

According to Ramesh Kumar Vankwani, a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, around 5,000 Hindus migrate from Pakistan to India every year due to fear of forced conversions.[19] The Pakistan Hindu Council says that forced conversions are the primary reason for the declining Hindu population in Pakistan.[4]

Dalit Sujag Tehreek protesting against forced conversion of Dalit Hindu girls

Forced conversion and forced marriage is prohibited in Islam.[20] Pakistan lacks strong laws prohibiting coerced conversions, which has drawn criticism for allowing coerced conversions to go largely unpunished.[21]

In November 2016, a bill prohibiting forced conversion was passed by the Sindh Provisional Assembly, punishing perpetrators with a minimum of 5 years in jail, and a fine paid to the victim.[22] The bill was opposed by religious parties for two reasons. First, the bill the prohibited any religious conversion for a person under the age of 18;[23] critics argued children should be able to voluntary convert giving the example of Ali,[24] who converted at age of 10. Second the bill imposed a 21 day waiting period for voluntary adult conversion; the religious parties also opposed this.[23] Thus, due to pressure from religious parties, the governor did not sign the bill into law.[23] In 2020 a bill aimed at preventing coerced conversions was introduced in the Senate of Pakistan that could prevent forced conversions of minority girls, but it was turned down by the Senate Standing Committee on Religious Affairs and Interfaith Harmony. Krishna Kumari Kolhi, a Hindu Pakistan Peoples Party Senator, walked out of the Senate during the meeting as a form of protest.[25]

Protest against forced conversion of Christian girls in Pakistan organised by NCJP

The Pakistani Nobel Laurette Malala Yousafzai spoke against forced conversions in Pakistan and said "It should be a personal choice and no one, especially a child shouldn’t be forced to accept any faith or convert to any other religion out of the will,"[26] The Pakistani Prime minister Imran Khan has said that forced conversions are 'un-Islamic'[27] and are against the commands of Allah.[28]

Candice Bergen, the Deputy Leader of Conservative Party of Canada, has commented that "The reports coming out of Pakistan of Christian and Hindu girls being abducted, raped, forced into marriages and coerced to convert from their faith are deeply concerning and need to be addressed". She also called for the re-establishment of Office of Religious Freedom in Canada to address the issue.[29]

In January 2023, experts from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights expressed their alarm at the reported rise in kidnappings, coerced religious conversions and wedding of underaged females from among religious minorities in Pakistan.[30] They appealed the Government of Pakistan to stop the alleged abuse where people in their teens had been “kidnapped from their families, trafficked … far from their homes (and) made to marry men sometimes twice their age”.[31]

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• Freedom of religion in Pakistan
• Religion in Pakistan