Coil spring

Spring rate is the measurement of how much a coil spring can hold until it compresses 1 inch (2.54 cm).[6] The manufacture normally specifies the spring rate. If a spring has a rate of 100 then the spring would compress 1 inch (2.54 cm)  with 100 pounds (45 kg) of load.[7]

A double volute spring mounted in pruning shears.

Illustration of various arc springs and arc spring systems (systems consisting of inner and outer arc springs).

Types of coil spring are:

• Tension/extension coil springs,[8] designed to resist stretching. They usually have a hook or eye form at each end for attachment.
• Compression coil springs,[9] designed to resist being compressed. A typical use for compression coil springs is in car suspension systems.
  • Volute springs[10] are used as heavy load compression springs. A strip of plate is rolled into the shape of both a helix and a spiral. When compressed, the strip is stiffer edge-on than a wire coil, but the spiral arrangement allows the turns to overlap rather than bottoming out on each other.
  • Arc springs (bow springs) are a special form of coil spring which was originally developed for use in the dual-mass flywheel of internal combustion engine drive trains. The force is applied through the ends of the spring. A torque ${\displaystyle M=F\cdot r}$ can be transmitted around an axis via the force ${\displaystyle F}$ directed along this helical axis and the lever arm to the system center point ${\displaystyle r}$.[11]
• Torsion springs, designed to resist twisting actions. Often associated to clothe pegs or up-and-over garage doors.[12]

Heavy-duty springs are designed to withstand high levels of force and tension.[13] They are typically used in industrial and commercial applications where heavy loads need to be supported or generated. Heavy-duty springs can be made from various materials, including steel, stainless steel, and titanium.[14] They are typically much stiffer and thicker than standard springs (3 mm — 65 mm thick)[15] and can have a wide range of sizes and shapes. Because of their strength and durability, heavy-duty springs are typically used in automotive and mining applications. They are also commonly used in construction, motorsport, rail and other industries where heavy equipment is used.

Spring design must take into account the desired stiffness of the spring, as well as the amount of space that is available for the spring. In addition, springs must be designed to withstand the forces that will be applied to them, such as the car's weight or the gas pressure. Spring design is an important part of many engineering applications, and it is crucial to ensure that products work correctly and safely.[16]

Coil springs have many applications; notable ones include:

• Buckling springs in computer keyboards
• Mattress coils in innerspring mattresses
• Upholstery coil springs in upholstery[17]

Coil springs are commonly used in vehicle suspension. These springs are compression springs and can differ greatly in strength and in size depending on application. A coil spring suspension can be stiff to soft depending on the vehicle it is used on. Coil spring can be either mounted with a shock absorber or mounted separately. Coil springs in trucks allow them to ride smoothly when unloaded, and once loaded the spring compresses and becomes stiff. This allows the vehicle to bounce less when loaded. Coil spring suspension is also used in high performance cars so that the car can absorb bumps and have low body roll. In off-road vehicles, they are used because of their range of travel they allow at the wheel.

Coil springs in valvetrain

Coil springs used in the engine are compression springs and play an important role in closing the valves that feed air and let exhaust gases out of the combustion chamber. The spring is attached to a rocker that is connected to the valve.

Tension and extension coil springs of a given material, wire diameter and coil diameter exert the same force when fully loaded; increased number of coils merely (linearly) increases free length and compressed/extended length.

Metal coil springs are made by winding a wire around a shaped former – a cylinder is used to form cylindrical coil springs.[18]

Spring manufacture is the process of making springs by coiling, winding, or forming steel wire or other materials. Spring manufacturing includes various processes, including cold coiling and hot coiling. [19]

To meet the demands of today's consumers, spring manufacturers must be able to produce springs in a wide range of sizes and shapes. As a result, spring manufacture has become increasingly complex and specialized.[20] They must have a thorough understanding of spring design to produce quality products. In addition, they must be able to operate various machines to produce springs with the desired characteristics. Spring manufacture is a critical part of the economy, and spring makers play an important role in ensuring that products meet the highest quality standards.[21]

Coil springs for vehicles are typically made of hardened steel. A machine called an auto-coiler takes spring wire that has been heated, so it can easily be shaped. It is then fed onto a lathe that has a metal rod with the desired coil spring size. The machine takes the wire and guides it onto the spinning rod, as well as pushing it across the rod to form multiple coils. The spring is then ejected from the machine and an operator will put it in oil to cool off. The spring is then tempered to lose the brittleness from being cooled. The coil size and strength can be controlled by the lathe rod size and material used. Different alloys are used to get certain characteristics out of the spring, such as stiffness, dampening, and strength. [22]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coil springs.

• Helical Spring by Sándor Kabai at The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
• Institute of Spring Technology
• Cold Coiling Vs Hot Coiling blog article by Lesjöfors Heavy Springs
• Spring Manufacturers Institute Archived 2020-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
• , tutorial by Dave Silberstein.
• "You Spring From Morning To Night" , April 1949, Popular Science article on the basics of steel coil springs manufacturing.
• 'Springs' information on each type of spring by Lesjöfors Heavy Springs