Company (United States Army)

Infantry companies which belonged to the Regular Army's ten original regiments (1st through 10th) were authorized a captain, first lieutenant, second lieutenant, four sergeants (one of whom was first sergeant),[4] four corporals, two musicians, and 42 privates (some regiments were authorized up to 72 privates per company).[5] After the war started, nine new infantry regiments (11th through 19th) were created and authorized companies with a slightly different structure, adding a fifth sergeant, four additional corporals, and between 64 and 82 privates, for a total of between 82 and 100 personnel.[6]

Infantry companies in the Volunteer Army mirrored the "new" Regular companies but added a wagoner, bringing their total to between 83 and 101 personnel.[7][8] The wagoner was in charge of the company's supply wagon, although during the war supply wagons were organized into trains placed under the control of regimental and higher commands.[9]

A company could be further divided into smaller sub-units, although these were rarely used in actual battle (with the exception of skirmishing) given the linear tactics of the time. One company could split into two platoons, with each divided into two sections and each section into two squads. The smallest sub-unit were "comrades in battle" or the four men adjacent to each other in the line of battle. Conversely, two companies operating together were considered a division.[10]

Prior to the Civil War, the Regular Army's mounted soldiers were divided between cavalry, dragoons and mounted infantry. Dragoons were cavalry who primarily fought dismounted while mounted riflemen fought similarly but were armed with rifles instead of carbines or muskets.[11] Despite these differences the companies for all three were similarly organized: a captain, a first lieutenant, a second lieutenant, four sergeants, four corporals, two musicians, two farrier/blacksmiths, and a hundred privates (although just sixty-four for mounted riflemen).[5]

In July 1861, Congress authorized the addition of a new mounted regiment, the 3rd Cavalry, for the Regular Army and the raising of Volunteer cavalry regiments. Each company in these formations was similar to the "old" company with the addition of a first sergeant, a quartermaster sergeant, four additional corporals, a saddler, a wagoner, and between 56 and 72 privates, for a total of between 79 and 95 personnel.[6][8][12][13] Saddlers were responsible for keeping the horse-equipment of the company under repair; while not responsible for ordinary military duty they were to be instructed in it all the same in case of necessity.[14]

A year later, the organization of all cavalry forces were streamlined and companies were officially renamed troops. Each troop consisted of a captain, a first lieutenant, two second lieutenants (one of them a supernumerary), a first sergeant, a commissary sergeant, five sergeants, eight corporals, two teamsters, two farriers/blacksmiths, a saddler, a wagoner, and seventy-eight privates. A final organizational change was issued in April 1863, removing the supernumerary second lieutenant and the teamsters and adding two trumpeters to each troop.[13][15]

The four artillery regiments of the Regular Army (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) were all organized similarly with twelve companies, each company composed of a captain, two first lieutenants, two second lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals, two musicians, two artificers, and forty-two privates (sixty-four if organized as field artillery).[5] In May 1861, Congress authorized the creation of a 5th Artillery Regiment and the raising of Volunteer artillery forces which were organized differently from the first four. Their companies (officially termed batteries now) were each authorized a captain, first lieutenant, second lieutenant, first sergeant, quartermaster sergeant, four sergeants, eight corporals, two musicians, two artificers, a wagoner, and between fifty-eight and one hundred twenty-two privates. The battery could be expanded with an additional first lieutenant, second lieutenant, two sergeants, four corporals, and four artificers.[16]

Each battery had four, six or eight cannons, with a sergeant designated as Chief of Piece for each cannon and corporals assigned as gunners; two cannons were together organized as a section and commanded by a lieutenant. There was further differentiation between batteries depending on whether they consisted of heavy artillery, field artillery or horse artillery.[17]

• Heavy artillery controlled large-calibre artillery and were typically used to garrison forts or set up in entrenchments. When in the field they had charge over the siege train and were armed, equipped, drilled and employed as infantry.[17]
• Field artillery were equipped with lighter-calibre artillery that could be pulled by horses using limbers to provide artillery support for infantry.[17][18] Each cannon would be pulled by a team of six or eight horses depending on its weight and be accompanied by one or two caissons carrying ammunition. A standard six-gun 12-pounder battery at full complement would consist of twelve caissons, a traveling forge, a battery wagon carrying supplies, 110 horses (inc. ten spares), 150 soldiers and 1,218 artillery rounds. Additional wagons, forges, etc. would accompany the battery if it were operating independently.[19] Field artillery soldiers were primarily armed with pistols and cutlasses and except for the drivers and Chiefs of Pieces they would march on foot alongside the cannons. They could ride on the limbers and caissons but this was reserved for emergencies as doing so weighed down the horses.[17][18]
• Horse artillery was the same as field artillery except all soldiers were mounted on horses, making them highly mobile and able to support cavalry with artillery fire.[17][18] A full complement for a horse artillery battery was the same as a field artillery battery with the addition of two soldiers and twelve horses (one a spare) per cannon.[19]

The United States Army Corps of Engineers had a single company of combat engineers when the civil war began. Engineer Company A had been originally created by an act of Congress at the start of the Mexican–American War.[20] It was organized with ten sergeants (master-workmen), ten corporals (overseers), two musicians, sixty-four first-class privates (artificers) and sixty-four second-class privates (laborers).[21] In August 1861 Congress authorized the formation of three more companies to be organized the same as Engineer Company A, with all four organized into a single battalion (the US Engineer Battalion, later 1st Engineer Battalion).[20]

While trained engineers were required for complex tasks such as constructing pontoon bridges, most engineering work could be carried out by regular soldiers under supervision. For these purposes Union armies would detach soldiers from their normal duties to form company-sized units of pioneers. Their typical tasks during a campaign were to repair roads and clear obstacles for advancing forces, or to bury the dead after a battle.[22]