Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay
Indonesian and Standard Malay are two standardised varieties of the Malay language, the former used officially in Indonesia (and in Timor Leste as a working language) and the latter in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords.[1][2][3] The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.[4][5][6]
Perception
To non-native speakers the two varieties may seem identical, but to native speakers the differences are noticeable through both diction and accent. They affect the broadcasting industry with regard to foreign language subtitling, for example, in DVD movies and on cable TV. In order to reach a wider audience, both Indonesian and Malay subtitles are sometimes displayed in a movie, along with other language subtitles. Another example is Malaysian TV providing Malay subtitling on Indonesian sinetrons (TV dramas) aired in Malaysia[7] (but, in Malaysian and Bruniean languages is "teledrama"), and vice versa.[8]
The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition, where in Malaysia it enjoys status as the national language (Malaysian language),[9] while in Indonesia it is considered a regional language in Malay-speaking areas such as the eastern coast of Sumatra and West Kalimantan.[10][11] The term "Malay language" (Bahasa Melayu) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions from its respective people.[12] To Malaysians, the Malay language is generally understood as the national language of Malaysia, with Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia) being a precise appellation for the Malay variety used in the country.[13] Between 1986 and 2007, the term Bahasa Melayu was used instead of Bahasa Malaysia, until the latter was reinstated, in order to instill a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races, rather than just Malays.[14][15] Therefore, there was no clear distinction between the use of the term Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and the national language of Malaysia (Bahasa Malaysia). In Brunei, where Malay is also an official language, the language is known as Bahasa Melayu and in English as "Malay".[16]
In Indonesia, however, there is a clear distinction between "Malay language" (bahasa Melayu) and "Indonesian" (bahasa Indonesia). Indonesian is the national language which serves as the unifying language of Indonesia; despite being a standardized form of Malay, it is not referred to with the term "Malay" in common parlance.[17] The term "Malay" is usually reserved for the forms of Malay indigenous to the Malay ethnic group (the national standardized language of Malaysia and the non-standard idioms of Malay people, including those used by Malay Indonesians). Thus, "Malay" is considered a regional language (bahasa daerah) in Indonesia, enjoying the same status as Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese, Balinese, Batak languages and others.[18] Moreover, to some Indonesians, the term "Malay" is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian variety of Malay.[19]
In Malaysia, the terms "Indonesian Malay" and "Malaysian Malay" are sometimes used for Indonesian and Malay as spoken in Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Indonesian Malay" usually refers to the vernacular varieties of Malay spoken by the Malay peoples of Indonesia, that is, to Malay as a regional language in Sumatra, though it is rarely used.[20] Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Melayu are used interchangeably in reference to Malay in Malaysia.
Malay was designated as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia.[21] It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.[22][23] It is used in the national anthem "Majulah Singapura",[24] in citations of Singaporean orders and decorations and in military commands.[25] Singaporean Malay is officially written in the Latin-based Rumi script, though some Singaporean Malays also learn the Arabic-based Jawi script.[26] Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean identity cards.[27]
Orthography
Before the 20th century, Malay was written in a local modified form of the Arabic alphabet known as Jawi. During the 20th century, Malay written with Roman letters, known as Rumi, almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in British Malaya (now part of Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) reflected their history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively. In British Malaya, the romanisation of Malay, devised by Richard Wilkinson[28] was influenced by English, whereas in the Dutch East Indies, the system devised by C. A. Van Ophuijsen was influenced by Dutch.[29] As a result, in Indonesia, the vowel [u] was formerly represented oe, as in Dutch, although the official spelling of this sound was changed to u in 1947 when the Republican Spelling System was used.[30]
Similarly, until 1972, [tʃ] was represented in Malaysia as ch, whereas in Indonesia, it continued to follow Dutch and used tj. Hence the word for 'grandchild' used to be written as chuchu in Malaysia and tjoetjoe in Indonesia, until a unified spelling system was introduced in 1972 (known in Indonesia as Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan or the 'Perfected Spelling') which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malay ch and Indonesian tj became c: hence cucu.[31] Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj [dʒ] to conform to the j already in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel [j] was replaced with y as in Malaysia. Likewise, the velar fricative [x] which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became kh in both languages.[31] However, oe was retained in some proper names, such as the name of the former vice-president, Boediono or former minister Mohammad Roem. The ch and dj letter combinations are still encountered in names such as Achmad and Djojo (pronounced as Akhmad and Joyo respectively), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured.
One notable difference in punctuation between the two languages is the use of different decimal marks; Indonesian, influenced by Dutch, uses the decimal comma,[32] whereas Malay, influenced by English, uses the decimal point.[33] A glossary of Information Technology terminology, available in English, Indonesian, and Malay, was published to facilitate the comparison and comprehension of language variations among individuals in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei who are seeking assistance and information online.[34]
Pronunciation
Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Brunei, Standard Singapore, and Indonesia pronouncing words in a form called Bahasa Baku,[35] where the words are pronounced as spelled.[36] Moreover, enunciation tends to be clipped, staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia, Colloquial Singapore, and Riau Sumatra: tujuh is pronounced (and was spelt) tujoh, pilih as pileh, etc., and many final a's tend to be pronounced as schwas; [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian, Colloquial Singaporean and Riau Sumatran varieties of Malay; These pronunciation rules is known as Johor-Riau pronunciation.[37][38]
| Example | Johor-Riau (Piawai)
Pronunciation |
Northern Peninsular
Pronunciation |
Baku & Indonesian
Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable | ⟨kereta⟩ | /ə/ | /a/ | /a/ |
| ⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ | ⟨kambing⟩ | /e/ | /i/ | /i/ |
| ⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants | ⟨itik⟩ | /e/ | /e/ | /i/ |
| ⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ | ⟨tahun⟩ | /o/ | /u/ | /u/ |
| ⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants | ⟨lumpur⟩ | /o/ | /o/ | /u/ |
| final ⟨r⟩ | ⟨lumpur⟩ | silent | /r/ | /r/ |
Vocabulary
Loanword source differences
Indonesian and Malay both differ in the forms of loanwords used due to division of the Malay Archipelago by the Dutch and the British and their long-lasting colonial influences, as a consequence of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824: Indonesian absorbed primarily Dutch loanwords whereas Malay absorbed primarily English words. Pronunciation of certain loanwords in Standard Malay follows English, while in Indonesian it follows Dutch, for example Malay "televisyen" (from English: television) and Indonesian "televisi" (from Dutch: televisie); the "-syen" and "-si" also prevail in some other words, though "-si" has become more preferred in Malay of late.
Malay has also experienced significant conservative pushback as precedent entities that existed within the British sphere made efforts to create words that would fit naturally foreign ideas of governance and thought through a Malay-oriented context. The Pakatan Belajar Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa in Johore headed by Abdul Rahman Andak during the 19th century was especially important in introducing neologisms like pejabat ("office", cf. Indonesian kantor from kantoor) and setiausaha ("secretary", cf. Indo sekretaris from Dutch: secretaris) into the Malay lexicon.[40] For example, the word for 'post office' in Malaysia is "pejabat pos" (in Indonesia this means 'post officer'), whereas in Indonesia it is "kantor pos".
There are also some Portuguese influences: in Indonesia, Christmas is known as "Natal", whereas Malaysia uses both "Natal" and "Krismas", the latter derived from English. There are also instances where the Malay version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue from Latin. The Latin preference of the (older) Indonesian intellectuals in these instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical-oriented education when Gymnasium schools were established during the Dutch colonial period: compare Malay kualiti, kuantiti, majoriti, minoriti and universiti with Indonesian kualitas, kuantitas, mayoritas, minoritas and universitas.
Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings in the other language, potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations: while baja means "steel" in Indonesian, in Malay it means "fertiliser". Also, whereas the Indonesian word butuh (from Sundanese ᮘᮥᮒᮥᮂ butuh) means "require" or "need", in Malay, it is a vulgar slang term equivalent to "cunt/cock". Conversely, where the word "banci" seems innocuous enough in Malaysia ("census"), in Indonesia it is a derogatory term for "transvestite".
The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malay and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malay or in Indonesian, e.g. khidmat, wakil (see below).
Word derivation and compounds
Indonesian and Malay have similar derivation and compounds rule. However, there is difference on quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb. Standard Malay uses prefix ber- to denote such, while Indonesian uses prefix ter- to do so. It is important to note that prefix ber- can denote several other meanings.
| English | Standard Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| registered (having had one's name added to an official list or entered into a register) | berdaftar | terdaftar |
| local | tempatan | setempat |
| honorable | berhormat | terhormat |
| written (having been written) | bertulis | tertulis |
A
| English | Standard Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| abbess | rahib perempuan | abdis |
| abolition | pemansuhan | 1. abolisi (From Dutch pronunciation of abolitie), 2. penghapusan |
| abortion | pengguguran | 1. aborsi (From Dutch pronunciation of abortie), 2. pengguguran (of a fetus) |
| abroad | luar negara | luar negeri |
| accessibility | 1. kebolehcapaian, 2. ketercapaian |
1. keterjangkauan, 2. ketercapaian, aksesibilitas (Learned borrowing from Late Latin, accessibilitas) |
| accident | kemalangan | kecelakaan |
| account (bank, bills) | akaun | 1. rekening (from Dutch – used in banks and hotels), 2. akun (used for all meanings of account apart from bank account) |
| accountability | kebertanggungjawapan, akauntabliti |
akuntabilitas, pertanggungjawaban |
| accountant | akauntan | akuntan |
| accounting | perakaunan | akuntansi |
| accurate | tepat | 1. tepat, 2. akurat (from Dutch, accuraat) |
| administration | pentadbiran | administrasi (from Dutch, administratie) |
| adjective | adjektif, kata sifat | adjektiva(Learned borrowing from Latin, adjectiva), kata sifat |
| adverb | adverba, kata keterangan | adverbia (Learned borrowing from Latin, adverbia), kata keterangan |
| after | 1. selepas, 2. setelah |
1. setelah (also used in Malay to indicate consecutive actions), 2. sesudah, selepas |
| afternoon | petang | 1. sore, 2. petang |
| agent | 1. ejen, 2. agen |
agen (from Dutch, agent) |
| air force | tentera udara | angkatan udara |
| aircraft hijacking | perampasan pesawat | pembajakan pesawat |
| airline meal | hidangan penerbangan | makanan maskapai penerbangan |
| airliner | kapal terbang penumpang | pesawat penumpang sipil |
| airplane | kapal terbang | pesawat terbang |
| airport | lapangan terbang ('airfield' in Indonesian; similar to Dutch vliegveld) | bandar udara (loan translation of the Dutch term luchthaven, commonly abbreviated as bandara), lapangan terbang |
| airport lounge | lobi lapangan terbang | ruang tunggu bandar udara |
| Alexandria | Iskandariah | Alexandria, Iskandariyah |
| Algeria | Algeria | Aljazair (from Arabic: al-Jazā'ir – الجزائر) |
| Algiers | Algiers | Aljir (from Algerian Arabic: dzayr – دْزَايرْ) |
| alliance | perikatan, persekutuan, pakatan | aliansi (influenced by Dutch alliantie), persekutuan |
| alloy | pancalogam, aloi | logam paduan, logam campuran, aloi |
| Andorra | Andorra | Andora |
| animal husbandry | penternakan | peternakan |
| apartment | pangsapuri, rumah pangsa, rumah kondo (only for 'condominium') |
apartemen (influenced by Dutch appartement), rumah susun (rusun) (public housing for poor families), kondominium |
| apricot | aprikot | abrikos (from Dutch abrikoos), aprikot |
| appeal (legal) | rayuan | banding, apel (rare) |
| application (software) | perisian penggunaan, aplikasi | perangkat lunak, aplikasi ' (from Dutch applicatie) |
| architect | arkitek | arsitek (from pronunciation of Dutch architect) |
| architecture | seni bina | arsitektur (influenced by Dutch architectuur) |
| archive | arkib | arsip (from Dutch archief) |
| area | kawasan | daerah, area, kawasan |
| armed forces | tentera | tentara, angkatan bersenjata |
| army | tentera darat | angkatan darat |
| assembly | majlis, perhimpunan (from the root verb 'himpun' meaning 'to gather/assemble') |
majelis, himpunan, perhimpunan |
| assets | aset | harta, aset, aktiva (from Dutch activa) |
| association | persatuan | asosiasi (from Dutch associatie), persatuan, perkumpulan |
| assumption | andaian, anggapan |
asumsi, anggapan, dugaan |
| astronaut | angkasawan | astronaut, antariksawan |
| Athens | Athens | Athena (influenced by Dutch Athene or from native Greek Athina) |
| athletics (sport) | olahraga ('sport' in Indonesian) | atletik |
| auction | lelong from Portuguese leilão | lelang also from Portuguese leilão |
| August | Ogos | Agustus from Dutch augustus |
| auntie | makcik (also used in Riau Malay dialect in Indonesia), emak saudara, ibu saudara |
bibi, tante from Dutch |
| autobiography | autobiografi | autobiografi, otobiografi is a nonstandard form |
| automated teller machine (ATM) or cash dispenser[41] | mesin juruwang automatik | anjungan tunai mandiri |
| automatic | automatik (formerly otomatik) | otomatis (derived from Dutch pronunciation of automatisch) |
| autonomy | autonomi | otonomi (self-governing) |
| awkward | janggal, kekok (of gesture) |
aneh, janggal, canggung, kikuk (of gesture) |
B
| English | Standard Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| backpack | beg sandang (lit. "sling bag") | ransel (from Dutch), tas punggung |
| backstage (of a theater or studio) | belakang tabir | belakang layar (lit. "back screen/behind the screen"),
belakang panggung |
| bag | beg | tas (from Dutch) |
| baking powder | serbuk penaik | bubuk pengembang |
| Ballpoint pen | pen mata bola | bolpoin |
| Baozi | pau | bakpao |
| baseband | jalur asas | pita dasar |
| basin (wash basin/sink) | besen | wastafel (from Dutch, lit. washing table) |
| basket (ball) | bola keranjang | bola basket |
| basket (general) | bakul | keranjang,bakul[42] |
| bathroom | bilik air | kamar mandi |
| bathtub | tab mandi,[43] takung mandi[43] | bak mandi[44] |
| battery | bateri | baterai |
| because | kerana, sebab |
karena, sebab |
| bed | katil | matras influenced by Dutch matras, tempat tidur, ranjang, kasur |
| Belgium | Belgium | Belgia influenced by Dutch België |
| Belgrade | Belgrade | Beograd influenced by Serbian Београд |
| belt (of a seat) | tali keledar | sabuk, ikat pinggang |
| bicycle | basikal | sepeda (influenced by French velocipede) |
| bill (legislation) | rang undang-undang | rancangan undang-undang, legislasi |
| billboard | papan iklan | baliho (supposedly from English ballyhoo (in English it means extravagant publicity or fuss)) papan iklan, papan reklame from Dutch reclame (advertisement) |
| billion | seribu juta, bilion | miliar (from Dutch miljard), milyar (informal but frequently used) |
| binary | perduaan | biner (from Dutch binaire) |
| biodiversity | biokepelbagaian | keanekaragaman hayati |
| bishop | biskop, bisyop |
uskup (from Arabic أُسْقُف) |
| board (company) | lembaga ('agency' in Indonesian) | dewan |
| border | sempadan | 1. perbatasan 2. sempadan (used as setback for land use) |
| bonnet, hood (of a car) | bonet, bumbung, hud |
kap (from Dutch) |
| boot, trunk (of a car) | but | bagasi (from Dutch baggage) |
| Borneo | Borneo | Kalimantan |
| brake | brek | rem (from Dutch) |
| Brazil | Brazil | Brasil |
| briefcase | beg bimbit[45] | tas kerja,[44] tas kantor[46] |
| Britain | Britain | Britania (from Latin: Britannia) |
| Brussels | Brussels | Brussel (influenced by Dutch spelling) |
| Bucharest | Bucharest | Bukarest |
| bucket; pail | baldi | ember (from Dutch emmer) |
| burn | lecur | kuka bakar |
| bus | bas | bus, bis nonstandard, influenced by Dutch pronunciation |
| bus station | stesen bas | terminal bus (frequently pronounced as terminal bis as it is derived from Dutch pronunciation of bus) |
| bus stop | perhentian bas | 1. pemberhentian bus, 2. halte bus (from Dutch bushalte) |
| business | perniagaan, bisnes |
perniagaan (less commonly used), bisnis |
| business administration | pentadbiran perniagaan | administrasi bisnis |
C
| English | Standard Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| Cairo | Kaherah from Arabic Al-Qahirah | Kairo (from Dutch Cairo) |
| Calendar date | Tarikh | Tanggal |
| Cambodia | Kemboja | Kamboja |
| Cameroon | Cameroon | Kamerun (from Dutch Kameroen) |
| camp | kem | kamp (reflects Dutch pronunciation) |
| campaign | kempen | kampanye (from Dutch campagne (a French loanword)) |
| can (to be able) | boleh (means "permit" in Indonesia), dapat |
bisa, dapat, |
| cancer | kanser, barah |
kanker (from Dutch kanker) |
| capacitor | pemuat, kapasitor |
kondensator, kapasitor |
| capital city | ibu negara (means "first lady" in Indonesia | ibu kota |
| car | kereta (means carriage in Indonesian, commonly used as a shorthand for kereta api, which means train. Malay followed English derivation of car which was a contraction of horseless carriage) |
mobil (from Dutch/mid-English automobile) |
| car cover[47] | kain penutup kereta[48] | tutup mobil[47] |
| carburetor | karburetor | karburator (from Dutch carburator) |
| card | kad | kartu (from Dutch kaart) |
| career | kerjaya, karier |
karier (from Dutch carrière |
| Caribbean | Caribbean | Karibia |
| carrot | lobak merah (means red radish in Indonesian) | wortel (from Dutch) |
| case | kes | kasus (from Latin: casus), hal |
| cash | wang tunai | uang tunai, kas, kontan (from Dutch contant) |
| cashier | juruwang | 1. kasir, from Dutch kassier 2. juru uang (rare) |
| caterpillar | ulat bulu, beluncas | ulat |
| cavalry | pasukan berkuda | pasukan berkuda, kavaleri |
| cement | simen | semen (from Dutch cement |
| censor | tapisan (means "filter" in Indonesian) | sensor |
| census | banci (means "transvestite" in Indonesian) | sensus, cacah, banci (virtually never used in Indonesia, listed by KBBI) |
| centipede | lipan | kelabang, lipan |
| central | pusat | pusat, sentral, tengah |
| certificate | sijil | sertifikat |
| chaos (theory) | teori kekacauan | teori kekacauan |
| chest freezer | peti sejuk dada,[49] peti ais[50] | freezer dada[51], lemari pendingin dada[52] |
| chilli | cili, lada ('pepper' in Indonesian, also in Malay[53]), cabai (used in the northern states of Malaysia) | cabai, lombok (from Javanese: lombok) |
| China | China, Cina | 1. Tionghoa (standard term for Chinese people, from Southern Min Chinese: Tiong-hôa – 中華), 2. Tiongkok (Republik Rakyat Tiongkok and Republik Tiongkok: official name of the People's Republic of China and Republic of China, from Southern Min Chinese: Tiong-kok – 中國), 3. Cina (standard, still in common use but discouraged due to racist connotations. See Shina for further information.), 4. China (nonstandard) |
| Chinese New Year | Tahun Baru Cina | Tahun Baru Imlek |
| Christianity | Kristian[54] | Kristen[55] |
| chocolate | coklat | cokelat |
| chopsticks | penyepit | sumpit |
| Christmas | Krismas, Natal |
Natal from Portuguese |
| cinema | panggung wayang bergambar (more popularly abbreviated as pawagam), panggung wayang |
1. bioskop (from Dutch bioscoop), 2. sinema |
| circular saw | gergaji bulat[56] | gergaji bundar[56] |
| circuit | litar | sirkuit |
| city | bandar, bandaraya (big city), kota |
kota, bandar (a coastal or port city in Indonesian) |
| civil | awam (In Indonesian, it means "non-expert"), sivil |
sipil (from Dutch civiel) |
| claim | tuntutan (means "sue" in Indonesian) | klaim
tagihan[57] |
| clarification | klarifikasi, penjelasan, penjernihan (to make something, e.g. water, clear in Indonesian) |
klarifikasi (from Dutch clarificatie), penjelasan |
| clause (legal) | fasal (equivalent term in Indonesian is pasal) | ayat, klausul (from Dutch clausule) |
| clavicle | klavikel, tulang selangka | tulang selangka, clavicula[58] |
| club (association) | kelab | kubl, perkumpulan infrequent |
| clutch pedal[59] (inside car part) | pedal cekam, klac[60] | pedal kopling |
| coach (carriage) | koc | gerbong |
| coat | kot | jas (from Dutch jas), mantel |
| cockroach | lipas | lipas, kecoa (from Southern Min Chinese: ka-choa̍h – 虼蚻) |
| coin | syiling from English shilling
siling from English shilling (rare) mata wang, wang logam, duit from Dutch duit[61] |
koin, mata uang, uang logam |
| college | kolej, maktab |
kampus, kolese (from Dutch college, kolegium |
| Cologne | Cologne | Köln, Koeln |
| Colombia | Colombia | Kolombia |
| comment | ulasan, komen |
ulasan (can also mean review, interpretation or comment), komentar (from Dutch commentaar) |
| commission | suruhanjaya | komisi (from Dutch commissie) |
| commissioner | pesuruhjaya | komisaris (from Dutch commissaris), komisioner |
| committee | jawatankuasa | komite, panitia |
| commonwealth | komanwel | persemakmuran |
| Comoros | Comoros | Komoro |
| company | syarikat | perusahaan, firma, maskapai (from Dutch maatschappij – almost exclusively used to refer to airline companies, i.e. maskapai penerbangan) |
| compiler | penyusun | penyusun, kompilator |
| complaint | aduan | aduan, keluhan, komplain |
| conclusion | kesimpulan; konklusi (rare) |
kesimpulan, konklusi (from Dutch conclusie) |
| condensation | pemeluwapan, pengembunan, pencecairan |
kondensasi (from Dutch condensatie), pengembunan |
| condensed milk | susu pekat | susu kental manis |
| conference | persidangan | konferensi (from Dutch conferentie), sidang |
| confirmation | pengesahan | konfirmasi, pengesahan of a document, kepastian of a decision |
| conflict | pertikaian |
|
| Congo | Congo |
|
| conservation (movement) |
|
|
| constitution of a country | perlembagaan |
|
| construction | pembinaan | pembangunan (of building), pembinaan (of moral), konstruksi (from Dutch constructie) |
| consumption | perbelanjaan | konsumsi (from Dutch consumptie), pemakaian, penggunaan |
| contamination | pencemaran | pencemaran, kontaminasi |
| continuous | selanjar | berkesinambungan, berlanjut, kontinu |
| conversion | penukaran (means "exchange" in Indonesia) | konversi (from Dutch conversie), perubahan |
| convertible | kereta berhud[64] | konvertibel,[65] mobil konvertibel |
| cooker hood[66] | tudung dapur[67] | penghisap uap[66] |
| coping saw | gergaji lengkung halus | gergaji triplek[68] |
| corporation | perbadanan | korporasi (from Dutch corporatie), badan usaha, perusahaan |
| corruption | rasuah (from Arabic: Rashwah meaning 'bribe'), korupsi (rare) |
korupsi (from Dutch corruptie), rasuah (from Arabic: Rashwah meaning 'bribe')(non-standard) |
| Costa Rica | Costa Rica | Kosta Rika |
| Côte d'Ivoire | Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire | Pantai Gading |
| counter | kaunter | loket from Dutch, konter |
| country | negara | negara, negeri in Malaysia, negeri usually refers to a state within a federation |
| court | mahkamah | pengadilan, mahkamah |
| crab | ketam | kepiting |
| cracker | keropok | kerupuk |
| criminal | penjenayah | penjahat, kriminal, pidana (ahli pidana is criminal law expert) |
| Croatia | Croatia | Kroasia |
| crucial | genting | krusial, penting, genting |
| Curaçao | Curasao | Kurasao |
| Cuba | Cuba | Kuba |
| cupboard | almari (from Portuguese armário) | lemari also from armário |
| current (adjective, of time) | semasa | saat ini, kini, terkini, aktual (from Dutch actueel) |
| current affairs | hal ehwal semasa | aktualitas, peristiwa terkini |
| curtain | langsir (means train wagon arrangement in Indonesian), tirai |
tirai (used for all meanings apart from house curtain), gorden (of a house; from Dutch gordijn) |
| customs (authority) | kastam | pabean refers to the administrative institution, bea dan cukai (bea-cukai) lit. tariff-and-tax, duty |
| cute | comel | imut, menggemaskan, lucu ("funny" in Malay) |
| cybercrime | jenayah komputer | kejahatan siber |
| Cyprus | Cyprus | Siprus |
| Czech Republic | Republik Czech | (Republik) Ceko |
D
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| dandruff | kelemumur | ketombe |
| deacon | diakon | diaken |
| December | Disember | Desember (influenced by Dutch december) |
| decimal | perpuluhan (means tithe in Indonesian) | desimal (from Dutch decimale), persepuluhan (rare) |
| decree | dekri | surat keputusan, dekret (from Dutch decreet) |
| degree (of temperature) | darjah | derajat |
| delicious, tasty | lazat, enak, sedap | lezat, enak, sedap |
| democratic | demokratik | demokratis (from Dutch demokratisch note: "democratic republic" (in country names) translates as republik demokratik, such as in Republik Demokratik Kongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo) |
| department | jabatan ('occupation' in Indonesian) | departemen, jurusan (for department in university) |
| departure | pelepasan | keberangkatan, kepergian |
| depression (psychological) | kemurungan (means "sadness" in Indonesian) | depresi (from Dutch depressie) |
| deputy | timbalan | wakil, deputi, timbalan (rare) |
| design | reka bentuk | desain, kerangka bentuk, rancangan |
| detail | terperinci | detail, detil (nonstandard), perincian, rinci (nonstandard) |
| dialect | dialek,
loghat |
dialek, logat |
| detection | pengesanan | pelacakan, deteksi |
| different – difference | beza, berbeza – perbezaan | beda, berbeda – perbedaan |
| diocese | kawasan uskup, keuskupan | keuskupan |
| director | pengarah | direktur from Dutch (and French) directeur, sutradara (of a film) from Sanskrit (through Javanese), pengarah (for an event) |
| discount | diskaun, rebat, potongan harga | diskon, rabat, potongan harga, korting from Dutch, less frequent |
| discussion | perbincangan, diskusi | pembicaraan, perbincangan, diskusi (from Dutch discussie) |
| dishwasher | mesin pencuci pinggan, mesin basuh pinggan mangkuk[69] | mesin cuci piring, mesin pencuci piring[70] |
| disinfectant | penyahjangkit | disinfektan, sucihama |
| disposable razor | pisau cukur pakai buang | pisau cukur sekali pakai |
| domestic | dalam negara | dalam negeri, domestik |
| double-decker bus | bas dua tingkat[71] | bus tingkat |
| double edge razor | pisau cukur bermata dua,[72] pencukur dua tepi[73] | pisau cukur tepi ganda,[74] pisau cukur bermata dua[75] |
| driver | pemandu means guide in Indonesian | sopir from French chauffeur through Dutch, pengemudi formal |
| driver's license (U.S.) driving licence (UK) | lesen memandu | surat izin mengemudi (SIM) |
| drugs (illegal) | dadah (colloquial use in Indonesia means "goodbye") | narkoba (an acronym for NARKotika dan OBat-obatan terlArang (narcotics and illegal drugs)), NAPZA (less frequent – an acronym for NArkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat-zat Adiktif (narcotics, psychotropics, and addictive chemical substances)) |
| dustpan | penadah sampah[76], tadahan sampah,[76] kuali habuk[77] | pengki, serokan, serokan sampah[78], serokan debu,[78] |
| Dutch East Indies | Hindia Timur Belanda | Hindia-Belanda |
| duty (economics) | duti, cukai | bea, cukai |
E
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| e-mel | surel (standard, shortened of surat elektronik (electronic mail)), email (pronounced as /i.mel/ is a non-standard Indonesian but common in practice, though "email" pronounced as /e.ma.il/ means enamel) | |
| Easter | Easter, Paskah strictly used for Jewish Passover | Paskah Kristen from Portuguese Páscoa |
| Ecuador | Ecuador | Ekuador |
| editor | penyunting | editor, penyunting, redaktur (from French rédacteur through Dutch – refers to editors of mass printed media) |
| editorial (board) | kakitangan editorial | redaksi (from Dutch redactie),editorial |
| effectiveness | keberkesanan | keampuhan, keefektifan, efektivitas (from Dutch effectiviteit) |
| efficiency | kecekapan | efisiensi, kedayagunaan, kemangkusan |
| Eid ul-Fitr | Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Hari Raya Puasa, Lebaran[79] | Hari Raya Idulfitri – Idul Fitri nonstandard spelling, but common, Lebaran colloquial – from Javanese |
| eight | lapan used as colloquial abbreviation in Indonesian | delapan used in Malaysia before the spelling reform |
| elasticity (economy) | keanjalan | bingkas, elastisitas |
| electricity | tenaga elektrik lit. electric energy | listrik, kelistrikan, setrum (from Dutch stroom) |
| embargo (political) | sekatan (means "obstacle" or "room which separated with partition" in Indonesian) | boikot, embargo |
| emergency | kecemasan (used for anxiety or "too anxious" (condition) in Indonesian), darurat [80] | darurat (from Arabic – also used in Malaysia to express a state of emergency), kegawatan |
| emperor | maharaja | kaisar (from Dutch keizer), maharaja (from Sanskrit) |
| empire | empayar | kekaisaran, kemaharajaan, imperium (from Latin) |
| enamel | enamel | email (from Dutch emaille) |
| energy | tenaga | energi, tenaga (for "power") |
| engine | enjin | mesin, motor |
| England | Inggeris | Inggris |
| eraser | getah pemadam | penghapus |
| erosion | hakisan | pengikisan, erosi (from Dutch erosie) |
| escalator | tangga gerak | tangga berjalan, eskalator |
| estimation | jangkaan, anggaran | perkiraan, dugaan, estimasi |
| Ethiopia | Habsyah from Arabic الحبشة al-habsha (Abyssinia) | Etiopia |
| Europe | Eropah | Eropa, Europa (nonstandard) |
| evacuation | pemindahan (means "translocation" or "relocation" in Indonesian) | pengungsian, evakuasi (from Dutch evacuatie) |
| evaluation | penilaian | penilaian, evaluasi (from Dutch evaluatie) |
| evaporated milk | susu sejat | susu evaporasi |
| evening | teja,
petang, sore |
sore petang |
| excess | lebihan | kelebihan ("benefit" in Malay, also in Indonesian), berlebihan, ekses |
| excretion | perkumuhan | ekskresi, pembuangan kotoran |
| execution (death sentence) | hukuman mati | eksekusi (from Dutch executie), (peng)hukuman mati |
| exhaust (pipe) | ekzos | knalpot (from Dutch, in which it also means "muffler") |
| exploration | penjelajahan, eksplorasi | eksplorasi, penjelajahan |
| export | eksport | ekspor |
| expose | pendedahan | paparan (used for display in Malay), ekspos, pendedahan (virtually never used in Indonesia, listed by KBBI) |
| extinct | pupus (of species),
padam (of flame or light) |
padam (of flame or light), punah (of species), pupus (loss of hope) |
F
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| faculty | fakulti | fakultas (Learned borrowing from Latin, facultas), fakultet (obsolete, from Dutch "faculteit") |
| facility | kemudahan, fasiliti | kemudahan, fasilitas (Learned borrowing from Latin, facilitas) |
| faction (politics) | puak | faksi (from Dutch "factie"), fraksi from Dutch fractie |
| factory | kilang ('refinery' in Indonesian) | pabrik from Dutch fabriek |
| fan (fanatic) | peminat (means enthusiast in Indonesian) | penggemar,
fan |
| fanaticism | taklid | fanatisme |
| federal | persekutuan (means alliance in Indonesian) | federal (from Dutch "federaal") |
| Federated States of Micronesia | Persekutuan Mikronesia | Federasi Mikronesia |
| federation | persekutuan (means alliance in Indonesian) | federasi from Dutch federatie, |
| femur | femur[81] | tulang paha[58] |
| fermentation | fermentasi, peragian | fermentasi, peragian, penapaian |
| file[44] | fail[82] | berkas[44], fail[83] (uncommon) |
| financial | kewangan | keuangan, finansial from Dutch financieel |
| Finland | Finland | Finlandia |
| firefighter squad | bomba | pemadam kebakaran (lit. fire extinguisher), branwir (from Dutch brandweer (fire defense)) |
| fireplace | pendiang, perapian | pendiangan, perapian |
| flash drive | pemacu kilat | diska lepas |
| floating rib | tulang rusuk apungan[84] | rusuk melayang[85] |
| floor, level (storey) | tingkat may be used in Indonesian to express the number of storeys/levels a building has, e.g. a 5-storey building = gedung bertingkat 5, or to emphasize British floor numbering, e.g. tingkat satu means first floor (UK), second floor (US) in both languages, aras (used to emphasize American floor numbering, e.g. aras dua = tingkat satu | lantai also refers to floor as ground surface in both languages, emphasizes American floor numbering, tingkat emphasizes British floor numbering, e.g. lantai dua = tingkat satu |
| flowerpot | pasu,[86] pot[87] | pot, pot bunga,[88] jambangan |
| fluorescent lamp | lampu pendarfluor | lampu pendar, lampu kalimantang |
| fog lamp | lampu kabus[89], lampu kabut[90] | lampu kabut[91] |
| football | bola sepak | sepak bola |
| footpath | laluan jalan kaki, lorong jalan kaki[92] | jalan setapak |
| force (physics) | daya | gaya |
| form (document) | borang | formulir from Dutch formulier, borang (nonstandard) |
| fountain | air pancut | air mancur |
| fountain pen | pen founten | pulpen |
| France | Perancis | Prancis, Perancis (nonstandard) |
| free (of charge) | percuma means "worthless" in Indonesian | gratis from Dutch, cuma-cuma, cecuma (nonstandard) |
| frostbite | reput fros, luka beku | radang dingin |
| fungus | kulat, fungus | fungi |
| furniture | perabot rumah, perkakas rumah (In Indonesian, perkakas means equipment) | mebel from Dutch meubelen, perabot rumah tangga, furnitur |
| fusion | pelakuran | fusi, penggabungan, peleburan |
G
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| gangster | samseng,
gengster |
geng, preman from Dutch vrijman (lit. free-man), gangster from English |
| garage | garaj | garasi influenced by Dutch pronunciation |
| garrison | garrison | garnisun from Dutch garnizoen |
| gasoline | petrol (from British English petrol) | bensin (from Dutch Benzine) |
| gear | gear | roda gigi influenced by Dutch tandwiel, lit. "tooth wheel" |
| gearbox | kotak gear | persneling from Dutch versnelling, girboks, transmisi |
| general (military) | jeneral | jenderal from Dutch generaal |
| general election | pilihan raya umum | pemilihan umum, Pemilu |
| ghost town | pekan hantu | kota hantu |
| gibbon | wakwak, ungka, wawa, siamang[93] | gibon[94], wawa, ungka, wak-wak, owa, siamang[95] |
| ginger | halia | jahe, jahi, halia |
| Global Positioning System | Sistem Kedudukan Sejagat | Sistem Pemosisian Global |
| glove compartment | tempat menyimpan barang-barang kecil[96] | laci penyimpanan[59] |
| goal keeper | penjaga gol/penjaga gawang | kiper, penjaga gawang |
| golf club (stick) | kayu golf | stik golf, pemukul golf, tongkat golf |
| government | kerajaan derived from raja (king) – used in Malaysia and Brunei – in Indonesian means "kingdom" | pemerintah derived from perintah (order/instruction) – also used in Singapore, which, like Indonesia, is a republic |
| governor | gabenor, Yang di-Pertua Negeri (in Malaysian states) | gubernur from Dutch gouverneur |
| gradation | pemeringkatan | gradasi, pemberian tingkat (pemeringkatan) |
| graduate | siswazah, sarjana | lulusan, sarjana |
| graduation | konvokesyen, majlis penyampaian ijazah, majlis graduasi |
wisuda |
| grandfather | datuk, atuk (informal) or "tok" (if there is grandfather's name like "Tok Dalang") | kakek, opa from Dutch |
| grandmother | nenek, opah (informal), nenenda (polite), nenda (polite), nenekanda (polite) | nenek, nenenda, nenda |
| Greece | Greece of recent use, Yunani | Yunani from Arabic Yūnān يُونَان |
| grenade | bom tangan | granat tangan |
| grenade launcher | pelancar bom | pelontar granat |
| gross financial | kasar | bruto from Dutch, kasar |
| group | sekumpulan,
kumpulan, grup, kelompok |
kelompok, grup from Dutch pronunciation of groep, (per)kumpulan, (per)himpunan |
| guarantee | jaminan | jaminan, garansi from Dutch pronunciation of garantie |
| guinea pig | marmut, tikus belanda[97] | marmot,[98] tikus belanda[99] |
H
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| half past one | pukul satu setengah (lit. one and a half) | pukul setengah dua (thirty to two) |
| hammer | tukul | palu, martil from Portuguese martelo |
| Handball | bola baling | bola tangan |
| hare | kelinci (kelinci means 'rabbit' in Indonesian) | terwelu (from Javanese terwèlu) |
| head office | ibu pejabat ("ibu" also means "mother" or "ma'am" in both languages) | kantor pusat ("kantor" – from Dutch kantoor (office)), markas |
| headphones | fon kepala, fonkepala[100], set kepala, fon telinga | telepon kepala, headset (common; because influenced by English language), penyuara telinga, pelantang telinga |
| headscarf, hijab | tudung | kerudung, jilbab though these words have different meanings |
| healthy | sihat | sehat |
| helmet | topi keledar | helm |
| herb | herba | jamu often understood as traditional potion made from rhizomes, also means "guest" ("tamu") and "treat the guest" ("menjamu"), herbal |
| hexadecimal | perenambelasan | heksadesimal |
| hospital | hospital | rumah sakit influenced by Dutch ziekenhuis ("house of the sick") – This term is still used in Brunei, but in Malaysia, "hospital" has replaced the term completely since the 1960s |
| Hungary | Hungary | Hungaria, Hongaria substandard, influenced by Dutch Hongarije |
| hybrid (biology) | kacukan hibrid | hibrida |
I
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| I | saya, aku, daku | saya, aku, daku |
| ice | ais | es |
| ice cream | aiskrim | es krim |
| ice milk | ais susu | es susu |
| Iceland | Iceland | Islandia |
| identity | identiti | identitas |
| image | citra, imej (of reputation), gambar (pictorial image), maruah (of reputation) |
citra (of reputation, also pictorial image and broader meaning in computer science as for image processing[101]), gambar (pictorial image) |
| imagination | imaginasi, bayangan | imajinasi, khayalan |
| immigration | imigresen, imigrasi | imigrasi from Dutch immigratie |
| import | import | impor |
| impotence | mati pucuk, impotensi, lemah syahwat | impotensi from Dutch impotentie, lemah syahwat colloquial |
| impotent | kemandulan | impotensi, kemandulan |
| incandescent lamp | mentol lampu | lampu pijar, bohlam |
| incineration | penunuan | insinerasi |
| Indian Ocean | Lautan Hindi | Samudra Hindia |
| inductor | peraruh, induktor (rare) | induktor |
| information | maklumat | informasi, from Dutch informatie, penerangan rare |
| injection (noun) | suntikan | suntikan, injeksi |
| ink | dakwat from Arabic | tinta from Dutch tinte, dawat (archaic) |
| installment (payment) | ansuran | angsuran, cicilan |
| instant | segera (means "soon" in Indonesia) | seketika, instan |
| insurance | insurans | asuransi from Dutch assurantie |
| intelligence (spying) | risikan (means 'secret investigation' in Indonesia) | intelijen, tilik sandi |
| international | antarabangsa | internasional, mancanegara from Javanese meaning: foreign land) |
| internet café | kafe internet, kafe cyber | warnet a portmanteau for "warung internet" (lit. internet shop) |
| intervention | campur tangan, intervensi | campur tangan, intervensi |
| introspection | kaji diri, introspeksi (rare) | introspeksi, wawas diri |
| invasion | penyerangan, penjajahan (means colonialism in Indonesian), invasi | invasi |
| investment | pelaburan | investasi, penanaman modal |
| Iraq | Iraq | Irak |
| Ireland | Ireland | Irlandia |
| irrigation | pengairan | irigasi, pengairan |
| Italy | Itali | Italia from Italian |
J
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| (fruit) jam | jem | selai |
| Japan | Jepun | Jepang, Jepun (archaic) |
| jigsaw | gergaji jig[102] | gergaji ukir[103] |
| Jordan (country) | Jordan | Yordania from Dutch Jordanië |
| journalist | wartawan | wartawan, jurnalis |
| July | Julai | Juli from Dutch juli |
| June | Jun | Juni from Dutch juni |
K–L
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| ketchup | sos tomato | saus tomat |
| keyboard (of computer technology) | papan kekunci[104] | kibor[105], papan tombol, papan ketik, papan tik, papan tuts, papan tombol komputer[106] |
| key lime | limau nipis | jeruk nipis |
| kitchen towel | tuala dapur, kain pinggan, kain pinggan mangkuk | handuk dapur, serbet dapur, kain lap |
| Kyiv | Kyiv | Kiev influenced by Russian Киев (Kyiv also commonly used) |
| lane | lorong (means alley in Indonesian) | lajur |
| lantern | lantera, tanglung, lentera, teng | lentera, teng[107] |
| laptop | komputer riba, komputer peribadi | laptop, komputer laptop[108], komputer jinjing, komputer pangku |
| Law enforcement | Penguatkuasaan undang-undang | penegakan hukum |
| lawn | halaman rumput[109] | halaman berumput[110], lapangan rumput[109] |
| lawn mower (in long lawn cutting) | mesin rumput[111] | mesin potong rumput[111], mesin pemotong rumput |
| lawyer | peguam | advokat from Dutch advocaat, pengacara (means 'master of ceremonies' in Malay) |
| Lebanon | Lubnan from Arabic | Lebanon, Libanon influenced by Dutch |
| lemon | lemon | sitrun, limun, jeruk sitrun |
| legislative | perundangan (In Indonesian, it means legislation), legislatif | legislatif |
| liability | liabiliti | kewajiban, liabilitas |
| licence | lesen, izin | izin, ijin from Arabic idhn, lisensi from Dutch licentie |
| lieutenant | leftenan (influenced by British English pronunciation) | letnan |
| light | cahaya elektrik | pencahayaan listrik |
| lift, elevator | lif | lift, elevator[112] |
| liquidity (economy) | kecairan | likuiditas |
| Lisbon | Lisbon | Lisboa from Portuguese, Lisabon influenced by Dutch Lissabon |
| list | senarai | daftar, senarai less common |
| Lithuania | Lithuania | Lituania (noun), Lithuania |
| local | tempatan | lokal, setempat |
| loudspeaker | pembesar suara, pengeras suara | pengeras suara, pelantang, spiker (influence by English –"speaker") |
| Luxembourg | Luxembourg | Luksemburg influenced by Dutch/German Luxemburg |
M
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| Macau | Macau | Makau |
| magistrate | majistret | hakim from Arabic حَكِم – used in Malay to refer to judges, magistrat less common |
| magnet | besi berani, batu berani | magnet, semberani |
| Maldives | Maldives | Maladewa |
| male | lelaki, laki-laki, jantan (for animals, depending on the context, it can mean masculine or used as a derogatory term on men) | laki-laki, pria, lelaki, jantan (on animals, used on men to describe masculinity) |
| malfunction | kerosakan, malfungsi, pincang tugas | kerusakan, malafungsi |
| malpractice | penyelewengan (means "misappropriation" in Indonesian) | malapraktik |
| management | pengurusan | manajemen, pengurusan (rare) |
| manager | pengurus | manajer, pengurus |
| mantis | mentadak, mentadu, cengkadak | belalang sentadu, belalang sembah, mentadak (influenced by Malay languange) |
| manufacturing | pengilangan | manufaktur |
| March (month) | Mac | Maret influenced by Dutch maart |
| marker pen | pen penanda | spidol |
| mass | jisim | massa |
| mathematics | matematik, ilmu hisab | matematika, ilmu hitung, ilmu hisab only used in Islamic text books |
| matter | jirim | materi |
| mattress | tilam | kasur, matras, tilam |
| mean (verb) | bererti | berarti |
| measuring jug | cawan sukat[113], jag penyukat[114], tempayan penyukat[115] | teko pengukur,[44] kendi pengukur,[116] gelas ukur[117] |
| mediation | pengantaraan (In Indonesian, it means "broking") | mediasi |
| medicine | ubat | obat |
| memory card | kad ingatan/kad memori | kartu memori |
| mental arithmetic | congak | aritmetika cepat, congak |
| Mentha | pudina, asa | min, mint, pudina |
| Messiah | Al-Masih | Mesias |
| Mexico | Mexico | Meksiko |
| micro compact car[65] | kereta kompak[118] | mobil mini[65] |
| mile | batu (means "stone" in Indonesian. "stone" is an alternative meaning of "batu" in Malay) | mil |
| military | tentera, ketenteraan, militari | militer (from French militaire through Dutch militair), kemiliteran, ketentaraan |
| minibus | bas mini | bis mini, minibus |
| mining | perlombongan | pertambangan |
| minute | minit | menit |
| miracle | keajaiban (means "to wonder" in Indonesian) | mukjizat |
| mobile phone, cellphone | telefon bimbit | telepon seluler (ponsel), telepon genggam |
| Monaco | Monaco | Monako |
| Monday | Isnin | Senin |
| money | wang, duit | uang, duit (colloquial) |
| Morocco | Maghribi from Arabic | Maroko |
| mortgage | gadai janji | hipotek from Dutch hypotheek, gadai |
| Moscow | Moscow | Moskwa, Moskow |
| motorcycle | motosikal, moto (informal) | sepeda motor lit. "motorized bicycle" – influenced by Dutch motorfiets, motor (informal) |
| Mozambique | Mozambique | Mozambik |
| MPV or minibus[65] | kenderaan serba guna | minibus,[65] mobil MPV, kendaraan multi guna |
| Mrs. | Puan | Ibu, Nyonya (Ny.) |
| music | muzik | musik |
| mushroom | cendawan | jamur |
N
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| naked | bogel, telanjang | telanjang, bugil (colloquial) |
| natural | semulajadi | alami, natural |
| navigation | pandu arah, navigasi | navigasi |
| navy | tentera laut | angkatan laut |
| necessary | perlu (from Arabic fardhu) | butuh, perlu |
| negotiation | perundingan | perundingan, negosiasi |
| neighbor | jiran (means Malaysia as country in Indonesian) | tetangga |
| network | rangkaian (means circuit in Indonesian) | jaringan, jejaring |
| New Zealand | New Zealand | Selandia Baru (influenced by Dutch: Zeeland; or from Latin: Zeelandia) |
| newspaper | surat khabar coined from two Arabic words: ṣūrat – صورة / صورت (form, appearance) and khabar خبر (news), akbhar[119] | surat kabar (more formal – lit. news letter), koran (from French courant through Dutch, Krant in modern Dutch, but Koerant in Afrikaans), akhbar[120] (influenced by Malay [Malaysian or Bruneian] language; but uncommon or rarely used) |
| Nicosia | Nicosia | Nikosia |
| nil | nil | nol from Dutch nul |
| noisy | bising, kecoh in Indonesian means "disturb" or "distract", memekak | berisik, ribut, ramai, bising, bacot (colloquial, slightly offensive) |
| noon | tengah hari | siang |
| North Macedonia | Macedonia Utara | Makedonia Utara |
| Northern Cyprus | Republik Turki Cyprus Utara | Siprus Utarа |
| Norway | Norway | Norwegia |
| notebook computer | komputer buku nota[121] | komputer notebook,[121] notebook |
| number | nombor | angka, nomor (substandard form from Dutch/German nummer) |
| nurse | jururawat | perawat, suster from Dutch zuster, only for female nurse |
O
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| ocean | lautan | samudra, samudera, lautan rarely used in formal situation |
| Oceania | Oceania | Oseania |
| octal | perlapanan | oktal |
| office | pejabat | kantor (from Dutch kantoor) |
| officer | pegawai, kakitangan (a negative connotation usually means accomplice in criminal activity in Indonesian) | petugas |
| official (adj.) | rasmi (from Arabo-Persian rasmi رَسمِي) | resmi (also from rasmi) |
| Olympic | Olimpik | Olimpiade |
| opposition | pembangkang (means "defiance" in Indonesian) | oposisi |
| option | pilihan, opsyen (rare) | pilihan, opsi |
| orange (colour) | jingga, oren | jingga, oranye (from Dutch oranje) |
| orange (fruit) | oren, limau | jeruk, limau |
| order (instruction) | order, perintah | perintah |
| organization | pertubuhan, organisasi | organisasi |
| oscillation | ayunan | osilasi, ayunan |
| outer space | angkasa lepas | luar angkasa |
| oven | ketuhar | oven |
P
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| Pacific Ocean | Lautan Pasifik, Lautan Teduh | Samudra Pasifik |
| Palestine | Palestin | Palestina |
| papaya (fruit) | (buah) betik | (buah) pepaya |
| Papua New Guinea | Papua New Guinea | Papua Nugini |
| parallel | selari | paralel |
| parking brake, or handbrake lever[59] | brek tangan | tuas rem tangan,[59] rem parkir, rem tangan |
| parliament | parlimen | parlemen (from Franco-Dutch parlement) |
| party (political) | parti | partai (from Dutch partij) |
| passport | pasport | paspor |
| pasteurization | pempasteuran | pasteurisasi |
| patient | pesakit means convict in Indonesian | pasien (from Dutch pronunciation of patiënt) |
| patrol | ronda | patroli (for police and military) (from Dutch patrouille), ronda (for civilian) |
| pavement, sidewalk | jalan pinggir, jalur jalan untuk pejalan kaki, laluan jalan kaki, kaki lima (In Indonesia, it is used in pedagang kaki lima (street vendor)) tepi jalan | trotoar (from Franco-Dutch trottoir) |
| peach | pic | persik |
| penis | zakar from Arabic ذَكَر "male"- this word is extremely vulgar in Indonesian, "buah zakar" means testicles, batang lelaki, konek (slang) | penis (formal), zakar from Arabic, less frequent, pelir, alat kelamin laki-laki (euphemism), kemaluan lelaki (euphemism), burung (vulgar), titit (children's slang like "pee-pee"), kontol (slang, extremely vulgar) |
| percent | peratus | persen, perseratus (less common, usually used when compared per mille) |
| perfume | haruman, minyak wangi | parfum from Dutch, minyak wangi |
| periodic | berkala | berkala, periodik |
| periodic table | jadual berkala | tabel periodik |
| Persia | Parsi | Persia |
| Personal Computer (PC) | komputer peribadi | komputer pribadi, PC (influenced by English) |
| Pest (organism) | makhluk perosak | hama |
| pharmacy | farmasi | apotek (from Dutch apotheek), farmasi (usually for medicine manufacturers) |
| photograph | gambar (In Indonesian, it means "picture" or "figure"), foto | foto (lit. photo) potret |
| physics | fizik (Indonesian equivalent term, fisik, is used for term physical, e.g. aktivitas fisik [physical activity]) | fisika |
| pickpocket noun | penyeluk saku | copet (portmanteau of colong dompet, "wallet thief"), pencopet |
| pickup truck | trak atau lori pikap | truk pikap, truk bak terbuka[65], mobil pikap atau bak terbuka |
| pig, swine | babi khinzir from Arabic خِنْزِير (khin-zeer) | babi |
| pink | merah jambu, merah dadu, merah samar, merah muda | merah jambu, pink (influenced by English language), merah dadu,[122] merah muda[122] |
| pipe | paip | pipa |
| pirate (maritime) | lanun bajak[123] | bajak laut, perompak (perompak in Malay, means "robber"), lanun (archaic) |
| platform (train) | platform | peron from Dutch perron |
| Poland | Poland | Polandia |
| police | polis (means "insurance policy" (polis asuransi) in Indonesian) | polisi from Dutch politie |
| political demonstration | tunjuk perasaan | unjuk rasa |
| politician | ahli politik | politikus |
| pollution | pencemaran | pencemaran, polusi |
| portion | sebahagian | porsi, sebagian (a portion of...) |
| Portugal | Portugal | Portugis, Portugal |
| post code | poskod | kode pos |
| potential | keupayaan, potensi, | potensial, daya berkemampuan |
| powdered milk | susu tepung | susu bubuk |
| Prague | Prague | Praha (also used in Malay) |
| prayer (Islam) | solat, sembahyang | salat (standard), shalat, sholat (from Arabic, 'sh' is usually pronounced as 's'), sembahyang |
| prayer room (Islam) | surau | surau, musala, mushollah (from Arabic, 'sh' is usually pronounced as 's') |
| precipitation (meteorology) | kerpasan | curah hujan, presipitasi |
| prediction | ramalan | prediksi, ramalan, prakiraan (not perkiraan estimation) |
| pregnant | mengandung, hamil (formal, from Arabic حَامِل), berbadan dua lit. "two bodied", bunting for animals | mengandung (formal), hamil (colloquial), berbadan dua (poetic), bunting (informal) |
| premature | pramatang | prematur, dini |
| Preparation | Penyediaan (means "to supply" in Indonesian) | Persiapan |
| preposition | kata sendi nama | preposisi, kata depan |
| press | media massa, surat khabar (see above) | pers (from Dutch), media massa |
| printer (computing) | pencetak, pencetak komputer | pencetak, mesin cetak, printer |
| Private Limited Company | Sendirian Berhad abbreviated as Sdn Bhd (suffix), "sendirian" alone means "alone" | Perseroan Terbatas abbreviated as PT (prefix) |
| privatization | penswastaan | privatisasi, swastanisasi, penswastaan |
| producer | pengeluar, penerbit, penghasil | produsen (from Dutch producent), produser (mainly refers to musical producers), penghasil |
| product | keluaran | produk (from English and Dutch product), hasil, keluaran (more specific term for outcome) |
| programming (computer) | pengaturcaraan | pemrograman |
| property (?) | harta punya, milik | properti punya, milik |
| propulsion | perejangan | propulsi, pendorong, penggerak |
| prostitute | pelacur, perempuan sundal (vulgar) | pelacur, Wanita Tuna Susila (WTS) (Sanskrit, pronounced 'way-tay-es', i.e. "moral-less women"), Pekerja Seks Komersial (PSK) (formal, pronounced 'pay-es-ka' (commercial sex workers)), perek (slang) |
| prostitution | pelacuran | prostitusi (from Dutch prostitutie), pelacuran |
| province | wilayah (used in Indonesian to mean 'area'), daerah (used in Indonesian to mean 'area') | provinsi (from Dutch provincie) |
| publication | penerbitan | penerbitan, publikasi, terbitan |
| pulse | denyut | denyut, pulsa |
| push, to (door) | tolak (It used as in tolak peluru (shot put) in Indonesian for this contex, used less primarily in Indonesian to mean 'subtract', it also means 'to refuse/reject', also common meaning in Malay when used in arithmetics) | dorong (means "to push" in Malay, but often used to mean "to support") |
Q–R
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| queue (line) | barisan (means line "formation" in Indonesian) | antre, antri (from Dutch aantreden or in de rij) |
| rabbit | kucing belanda, arnab (from Arabic) | kelinci (from Dutch konijn), kucing belanda |
| race (human categorization) | kaum | ras |
| rake (kind of gardening tools) | pencakar[124], gurit[124] | penggaru[110], garu[124], garuk[124] |
| Random-Access Memory (RAM) | Ingatan Capaian Rawak | Memori Akses Acak |
| rape | rogol, perkosa | perkosa |
| raspberry | rasberi | frambus, frambosen (from Dutch framboos) |
| rat | tikus[125] | tikus pondok[110] |
| ratio | nisbah | rasio, nisbah, perbandingan |
| reaction (chemical) | tindak balas kimia | reaksi kimia |
| Read-Only Memory (ROM) | Ingatan Baca Sahaja | Memori Hanya Baca |
| real estate | hartanah | realestat, properti tanah, lahan yasan |
| rearview mirror[126] (inside car part) | cermin pandang belakang[127] | spion[126] |
| receipt | resit, penerimaan | kuitansi, kwitansi (substandard, from Dutch kwitantie), resi (from Franco-Dutch reçu), bon from Dutch, struk (from Dutch strook) |
| recession (economy) | kemelesetan (In Indonesian, it means "mishit") | resesi (from Dutch recessie), kelesuan (ekonomi) |
| reclamation | tebus guna | reklamasi (from Dutch reclamatie) |
| recruitment | pergerakan (In Indonesian, it means "movement"), pengambilan (In Indonesian, it means "taking") | perekrutan, rekrutmen |
| refraction | pembiasan | pembiasan, refraksi (from Dutch refractie) |
| refrigerator | peti sejuk lit. cool box (rarely used in Indonesian), peti ais, almari ais | lemari es, lemari pendingin (lit. cooler closet), kulkas (from Dutch koelkast) |
| religion | agama, ugama (widely used before the 80s) | agama, kepercayaan |
| renovation | pengubahsuaian | renovasi (from Dutch renovatie) |
| reproduction | pembiakan | reproduksi, pembiakan (also means "breeding") |
| research | kajian (means research or investigation result in Indonesian), penyelidikan | penelitian, riset |
| responsibility | tanggungjawab | tanggung jawab, pertanggungjawaban |
| resistor | perintang | resistor, hambatan, perintang |
| restaurant | kedai makan lit. "eating shop", restoran | rumah makan lit. "eating house", warung makan lit. "eating café", restoran |
| retailing | peruncitan | ritel, eceran |
| Retreat (spiritual) | percutian kerohanian | retret |
| reversing light | lampu undur[128] | lampu mundur[129] |
| riot | rusuhan | kerusuhan |
| ring (mathematics) | gelanggang | ring, gelanggang |
| rob | rompak (Indonesian for "to commit piracy") | rampok, rampas |
| Rome | Rom | Roma |
| Roman (demonym) | Rom | Romawi |
| room | bilik (usually means "compartment" in Indonesian) | kamar (from Dutch kamer), ruang (Javanese, for storage areas etc.) |
| roundabout (traffic) | bulatan e.g. Bulatan Dato Onn in Kuala Lumpur pusing keliling (in Brunei) | bundaran e.g. Bundaran HI in Jakarta |
| routing | penghalaan | perutean |
| royal | diraja | kerajaan (in Malaysia and Brunei means "kingdom" or "government") |
| rubber | getah may also mean gum or sap or resin in both languages, also figure of speech for "cause of bad deed" | karet |
| rumour | khabar angin, desas-desus | rumor, desas-desus, kabar angin, kabar burung |
S
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| safe | peti besi | brankas |
| safety or shoulder belt[130] | tali pinggang keledar keselamatan | sabuk pengaman |
| salty | masin | asin, masin (rare) |
| Sanskrit | Sanskrit (from English Sanskrit) | Sanskerta (from Sanskrit संस्कृत saṃskṛtá) |
| sauce | sos | saus (from Dutch saus) |
| sausage | sosej | sosis (from Dutch saucijs) |
| scapula | skapula, tulang belikat[131] | tulang belikat[131] |
| scenario | senario | skenario (from Dutch scenario) |
| school (Islamic) | sekolah pondok | madrasah, pesantren, pondok pesantren |
| science | sains | ilmu (from Arabic 'ilm) (alam), sains (especially for "natural science") |
| Scotland | Scotland | Skotlandia |
| screwdriver | pemutar skru | obeng |
| secret | rahsia | rahasia |
| secretary | setiausaha Indonesian lit. "loyal to work" | sekretaris (from Dutch secretaris) |
| section | seksyen, bahagian | seksi (from Dutch sectie), bagian |
| sensor | penderia, pengesan, sensor | sensor, pengindra |
| sermon | khutbah | khotbah |
| server (computing) | pelayan | server, peladen |
| service | perkhidmatan | layanan, jasa |
| state servant | abdi negara, pegawai kerajaan | abdi negara |
| session | sesyen, sesi | sesi (from Dutch sessie) |
| sewer | saluran najis "najis" means dirty in both languages, saluran kumbahan | selokan, parit (means 'ditch' in Malay), got, saluran air/pembuangan |
| sexagesimal | perenampuluhan | seksagesimal |
| shampoo | syampu (from Anglo-Indian / Hindustani chāmpo, the imperative form of (Hindi) चाँप्ना chāmpnā 'to smear, knead the muscles, massage') | sampo |
| share (verb) | berkongsi (In Indonesian, it means "creating trading company" or "plotting something bad") | berbagi |
| shirt | baju (also in Indonesian but more generally refers to clothes) | kaus, kemeja (from Portuguese camisa, implies collared shirt) |
| shoe | kasut (generalized term for any footwear in Indonesian, but usually related to sandals or ancient shoes), sepatu | sepatu (understood but less frequently used in Malaysia, from Portuguese sapato) |
| shop | kedai (means eateries stall in Indonesia) | toko, warung, kedai |
| shopping mall | pusat beli-belah | mal, pusat perbelanjaan |
| shovel | penyodok | sekop lengkung, sekop |
| side marker light (in exterior car part) | lampu penanda sisi,[132] lampu penanda sampingan[133] | lampu tepi[129] |
| sink | singki[134] | bak cuci[44] |
| site (internet) | tapak (means foundation (building) or footprint in Indonesia) | situs |
| size | saiz | ukuran |
| Slovakia | Slovakia | Slowakia |
| small change | duit syiling | receh |
| social security | keselamatan sosial | jaminan sosial |
| snow | salji (from Arabic thalj) | salju (also from thalj) |
| soap opera | teledrama, drama lipur lara (rare or uncommon), sinetron (rare; but influenced by Indonesian language) | sinetron, opera sabun (rare) |
| soccer table[135] | bola sepak meja[136] | sepak bola meja |
| sodomy | liwat (from Arabic) | sodomi, liwat (only used in Islamic text books) |
| solar | suria | surya |
| solution | penyelesaian | solusi, pemecahan, penyelesaian |
| sour | masam | asam, masam (poetic, usually used in connotative expressions: bermuka masam: sour faced (dissatisfied/unhappy expression)) |
| sour cream | krim masam | krim asam |
| soya beans | kacang soya, kacang kedelai | (kacang) kedelai |
| spade | penyodok | sekop datar, sekop |
| Spain | Sepanyol | Spanyol |
| speak/talk | bercakap (means 'to chat' in Indonesian),berbicara, bersembang, berborak | berbicara, ngomong (Javanese ngoko, colloquial) |
| specialist | pakar, perubatan | spesialis (in case of specialist doctor), pakar in general, it means expert |
| spinal column[137] or vertebra | tulang belakang | tulang punggung |
| spoon | sudu | sendok |
| sport | sukan | olahraga (means "athletics" Malay, from Sanskrit, lit. "to train the body") |
| sports car | kereta sport | mobil sport[65] |
| spouse | pasangan suami-isteri, kelamin colloquial, in Indonesian means "sex" or "gender" | pasangan (suami-istri), suami-istri (husband-wife) |
| sprinkles, or chocolate rice | urai, coklat urai | meses, coklat beras, meises |
| stability | kestabilan | stabilitas, kestabilan |
| stadium | stadium | stadion from Dutch, stadiun vowel shift influenced by Javanese pronunciation |
| staff | kakitangan (phrase "kaki tangan" means subordinate with negative image in Indonesian) | staf, personil (from Dutch personeel), pegawai |
| stamp | setem | perangko (from Dutch franco) |
| standard | piawai, standard | standar, patokan, baku |
| starfish | tapak Sulaiman | bintang laut |
| state (within a federation) | negeri | negara bagian |
| station | stesen | stasiun (formerly spelled "setasiun") |
| station wagon or estate car | kereta estet, station wagon | mobil station wagon |
| steering wheel | roda stereng | roda setir (from Dutch stuur), roda kemudi |
| sternum | tulang dada, sternum[138] | sternum[58] |
| stop (verb) | berhenti | berhenti, henti, setop |
| strawberry | strawberi | stroberi, arbei (from Dutch aardbei) |
| stretch-limousine[65] | limusin[139] | limosin |
| streetcar | trem | trem, tram |
| stupid | bodoh, bengap, tolol, bangang, bongok (slang) | bodoh, dungu, tolol, goblok (slang), very demeaning in Malay, geblek (slang), bego (slang) |
| sublimation (phase transition) | pemejalwapan | sublimasi, penyubliman |
| Sunday | Ahad | Minggu (from Portuguese Domingo which means Lord's Day), Ahad (only used in Islamic calendar) |
| sunglasses | cermin mata gelap (In Indonesia, cermin means "mirror") | kacamata hitam (lit. black glasses), kacamata riben (from 'Ray-Ban' brand of sunglasses) |
| supermarket | pasar raya | supermarket, pasar swalayan (lit. self-service market) |
| supervision | penyeliaan | pengawasan, penyeliaan, supervisi |
| survey | tinjauan (means process or result of observation in Indonesian), kaji selidik | survei |
| suspend (hang) | menggantung (means 'hang' in Indonesian) | menangguhkan (also 'adjourn' in Malay) |
| SUV (sport utility vehicle) or all-terrain vehicle[65] | kenderaan utiliti sukan | kendaraan utilitas sport |
| Sweden | Sweden | Swedia |
| switch | suis, sakelar | saklar, sakelar |
| Switzerland | Switzerland | Swiss |
| swivel chair | kerusi pusing[140] | kursi putar,[44] kursi berputar[141] |
| Syria | Syria | Suriah (from Arabic) |
T
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| table (set of facts or figures) | jadual (Indonesian equivalent, jadwal, means "schedule") | tabel (from Dutch tabel) |
| tandem[142] | basikal tandem[143], tandem[144] | sepeda tandem |
| Taiwan | Republik China di Taiwan | Republik Tiongkok |
| tank | kereta kebal | tank |
| tap water | air paip (piped water) | air keran (from Dutch Kraan), air ledeng ("ledeng" also means "plumbing", from Dutch "leiding") |
| tapioca | ubi kayu as in Indonesian, understood as the tuber cassava itself | (tepung) tapioka, tepung singkong |
| taxi | teksi | taksi |
| teacher | cikgu, guru | guru |
| teacher (religious, Islam) | ustaz, ustad (ultimately from Persian اُستَاذ), ustadzah female | ustad, ustadzah |
| team | pasukan used in Indonesian to refer to squad (military) | tim |
| tear gas | gas pemedih mata | gas air mata |
| telephone | telefon (formerly talipon) | telepon |
| television | televisyen, TV | televisi (from Dutch televisie) , TV |
| terms | terma | syarat (from Arabic: syarṭ – شَرْطٌ) |
| terrorist | pengganas (means "rioter"or aggressor in Indonesian) | teroris |
| terrorism | pengganasan | terorisme |
| testicles | buah zakar, testis, buah keranjut | testis, biji kemaluan, buah zakar (slang, vulgar), kanjut (slang, vulgar) |
| Thailand | Negara Thai, Siam, Thailand | Thailand, Siam, Muangthai used in old scripts |
| The Hague | The Hague | Den Haag (from Dutch) |
| Theobroma cacao | koko | kakao |
| ticket | tiket | tiket, karcis (from Dutch kaartje, usually refers to small-size ticket) |
| time | masa, waktu | waktu from Arabic الوقت (al-Waqt), masa (can be used for 'in a specific long period of time' in Indonesian) |
| tire (US)/tyre (UK) | tayar | ban (from Dutch [auto]band) |
| tofu | tauhu | tahu, tofu |
| toilet | bilik air, tandas | toilet, kamar kecil, WC (pronounced 'way-say') for watercloset |
| tornado | puting beliung | puting beliung, angin puyuh, tornado |
| toothpaste | ubat gigi | pasta gigi odol (genericized from Odol, German toothpaste's brand) |
| tourism | pelancongan | pariwisata |
| towel | tuala (from Portuguese toalha) | handuk (from Dutch handdoek) |
| traffic jam | kesesakan lalulintas, jam (slang) | kemacetan, macet |
| traffic light | lampu isyarat (In Indonesian, isyarat means sign) | lampu lalu-lintas |
| train | kereta api, tren | kereta (api) |
| transport, transportation | pengangkutan | transportasi (from American English: 'transportation'), pengangkutan, perhubungan (in case of Ministry of Transportation) |
| transsexual | pondan, bapok (slang), transseksual | transseksual, waria (polite) a shortened form of wanita-pria , bencong, banci |
| tree | pokok in Indonesian means "principal" or "core" or "staple", in Sundanese poko means authentic, e.g. authentic cuisine, pohon | pohon |
| trillion (1012) | trilion | trilyun, triliun (from Dutch pronunciation; starting with 1012, Indonesian uses the short scale) |
| tropical | tropika | tropika, tropis |
| trowel; hand trowel | kulir,[145] sudip tangan[145] | sudip tangan[145], tajak[146] |
| truck (US); lorry (UK) | lori (from British English: 'lorry'), trak | truk, prahoto from Dutch vrachtauto |
| try | cuba | coba |
| turkey (bird) | ayam belanda | (ayam) kalkun (from Dutch kalkoen) |
| turn | pusing (means 'to spin' in Indonesian, commonly used to mean dizzy as a short form of kepala pusing), belok | belok, putar |
| turn signal or indicator[129] | lampu indikator[147], lampu penunjuk[147] | lampu sen[129], lampu sein |
U
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| ugly | hodoh, teruk, buruk | jelek, buruk |
| Ukraine | Ukraine | Ukraina |
| ulna | tulang hasta[148] | ulna[58], tulang hasta[148] |
| uncle | pakcik | paman, oom, om (derived from Dutch, pronounced and sometimes spelt oom) |
| union | kesatuan (in Indonesian means "unitary") | persatuan, uni, serikat |
| United Arab Emirates | Emiriah Arab Bersatu | Uni Emirat Arab |
| United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Britania Raya |
| United Nations | Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu | Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa |
| United States of America (USA) United States (US) | Amerika Syarikat | Amerika Serikat (AS) |
| university | universiti | universitas |
| until | sehingga (means 'thus' in Indonesian), sampai | hingga, sampai |
V
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| vagina | faraj (from Arabic, in Indonesian means "vulva"), pepek/pepet (slang) | alat kelamin wanita, liang peranakan, vagina, farji, memek (slang, vulgar), pepek (slang, vulgar) |
| variable (mathematics) | pemboleh ubah | variabel, peubah |
| Vatican City | Vatican City | (Kota) Vatikan |
| Venice | Venice | Venesia (influenced by Dutch Venetië) |
| verb | kata kerja | kata kerja (influenced by Dutch werkwoord, lit. "work word"), verba |
| verification | pengesahan (means "validation" in Indonesian) | verifikasi |
| very | sangat, amat, sekali | sangat, amat, sekali, banget (from Javanese ngoko) |
| vesak | hari wesak | waisak |
| vice (deputy) | naib | wakil, naib (less common) |
| victim | mangsa in Indonesian means "prey" | korban |
| Vienna | Vienna | Wina (influenced by Dutch Wenen) |
| violence | Keganasan | Kekerasan |
| violet (colour) | lembayung | violet, ungu, lembayung (rarely used) |
| virgin | (anak) dara, (anak) gadis, perawan | perawan (formal), gadis, (anak) dara |
| viscosity | kelikatan | viskositas, kekentalan |
| visit | lawatan, pelancongan | wisata, kunjungan, pelancongan, lawatan (to foreign country, an excursion), besuk (from Dutch bezoeken) (to someone sick) |
| volleyball | bola tampar | bola voli |
| volume (math) | isi padu | volume, ruang, isi |
| voucher | baucer | voucer |
W
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| want | mahu | mau, ingin |
| warden | warden, penjaga penjara | sipir (penjara) (from Dutch cipier) |
| Warsaw | Warsaw | Warsawa |
| water pump pliers | playar pam air[149], tang pam air[150] | tang pompa air[151] |
| watering can | penyiram | gembor, penyiram tanaman |
| website | laman web, laman sesawang | situs web, laman web |
| weed | rumpai | rumput liar[152], gulma |
| weekend | hujung minggu | akhir pekan, akhir minggu |
| well (water hole) | perigi | sumur, perigi (rarely used) |
| wheelchair | kerusi roda | kursi roda |
| when | bila, apabila, ketika, bilamana (rarely used) | kapan, bilamana, (question word) bila, ketika |
| whipped cream | krim putar | krim kocok |
| wildfire | kebakaran liar | kebakaran hutan dan lahan |
| window | tingkap, jendela | jendela (from Portuguese janela), tingkap (less common) |
| wine | wain | minuman anggur, wine |
| windscreen, windshield | cermin kereta | kaca depan (mobil) |
| windscreen wiper | pengelap cermin depan[153] | penyeka kaca, pengusap kaca[154] |
| wire | dawai, wayar | kawat (e.g. copper wire), kabel (e.g. electrical wire, cable) |
| wolf | serigala kelabu | serigala |
Y–Z
| English | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday | semalam (means "last night" in Indonesian) | kemarin |
| you | anda (very formal), awak, kamu, engkau, kau | anda (everyday formal), kamu (familiar only), engkau ('kau) (prose) |
| youth | belia (means "teenager" in Indonesian) | pemuda |
| zero | sifar | nol (from Dutch nul) |
| zipper (fastener) | zip | resleting (from Dutch ritssluiting) |
| zone | zon | daerah, zona |
| zoo | zoo, taman haiwan (kebun binatang was also frequently used in Malaysia before the mid-1960s) | kebun binatang (derived from Dutch dierentuin, lit. "animal garden"), taman margasatwa (more formal form for zoological park) |
| zygomatic bone[58] | tulang zigoma[155] | zygomaticus[58] |
False friends
Besides vocabulary differences, there are also a number of false friends in both languages. As these words are in quite common use in either or both of the languages, misunderstandings can arise.
| Word | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) meaning | Indonesian meaning |
|---|---|---|
| acara | event |
|
| ahli |
|
expert in a specific field (the sense of member is dated in Indonesian, preserved in some compounds.) |
| akta (from Latino-Dutch acta) | act (= law) | act (= written legal document) |
| awak | you (casual) | me / I (Used by speakers from Sumatra mainly Malays, people in Medan, etc.), crew (of transportation) |
| baja | fertilizer | steel Malay: besi waja |
| banci | census (Indonesian: sensus) | effeminate, transvestite homosexual (negative connotation) |
| bandar | city | port |
| bangun | to develop/ wake up (from sleep) | to build / wake up (from sleep) |
| bapa | Father (male parent) | specific to 'Father' (God) in religious context (Christianity) our Father which art in Heaven = Bapa kami yang di surga Father in Indonesian is bapak (with an additional 'k' letter') |
| belanja | to treat, giving something for free | to shop (note: also carries this meaning in Malay, though in a context more akin to "spend"). |
| berbagi | to give | to share (something) |
| berbual | to chat | to tell a lie |
| bercinta | in (the essence of) love | to make love, have sexual intercourse |
| beredar | From the root word "edar" which can means; to oscillate (planets only), to leave, or to distribute | to oscillate, to distribute |
| berjaya | succeed, succeeded | successful, victorious |
| berlaku | happen, occur | apply |
| biji | seed | seed, testicles ("balls", offensive) |
| bila | when | if, when (older version, almost obsolete) |
| bina | to build | to develop |
| bisa | venom | can/be able to (also understood but less frequently used in Malay) (same as "boleh" in Malay), venom |
| bontot/buntut | buttock | tail ('ekor' as commonly used in Malay, sometimes in Indonesia) |
| budak | kid Indonesian:anak or bocah | slave |
| bunga api | firework | spark |
| butoh/butuh | male genitals, an offensive reference | need |
| cadangan | suggestion, opinion, proposal (example: peti cadangan = suggestion box) Indonesian:saran | reserve, spare (example: ban cadangan = spare tire) |
| comel | cute, pretty | (to call) someone who can not keep a secret (example: mulutnya comel = her mouth can't keep a secret) |
| daripada | A preposition that carries 5 meanings;
|
than (comparison) (example: Kamus ini lebih baik daripada yang itu = This dictionary is better than that one) |
| darurat | state of emergency | emergency not necessarily, state of emergency |
| daya | force | power |
| detik | jiffy | second |
| doktor | doctor (medical); doctorate (educational title) | doctorate (educational title) In Indonesian, the equivalent for medical doctor is dokter |
| duduk | to sit, a place to live on (only used informally) | to sit, to occupy |
| electronic mail (recently changed to "emel") | enamel | |
| gampang | bastard from 'anak gampang' lit. easy child. | easy (non-negative meaning) |
| getah | rubber, plant sap | plant sap |
| guru besar | principal, headteacher (of a school) | professor, senior lecturer or senior researcher (of a higher education institution) |
| hemat | moral excellence | frugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricity, gas or water usage |
| ibu negara | capital city | First Lady |
| ibu pejabat | head office | wife of an official |
| jabatan | department | position |
| jawatan | position | department |
| jemput | to invite, to pick up | to pick up |
| jeruk | pickles/preserved fruits or vegetables | orange (fruit) |
| jimat | frugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricity | amulet (the Malay equivalent is azimat) |
| kacak | handsome | ber-kacak pinggang (stands with hands on your hips) The Malay equivalent is bercekak-pinggang, a phrase to mean that a person is being bossy |
| kadar | rate | content, level |
| kakak | elder sister | elder sibling (either elder brother or sister) |
| kakitangan | employee | subordinate (with negative meaning) |
| kapan | or kafan: Muslim burial shroud (kain kafan/kapan) | when (kapan mau pulang? = when do you want to go home?) |
| karya | work of art (karyawan = artists) | to work (karyawan = workers) result of work Karya seni = work of art to create a piece of art. |
| kecemasan | emergency | anxiety; extremely anxious |
| kerajaan | government (historical association, most Malay states were governed by monarchs, from Raja = King, now refers to any kind of government) | kingdom |
| keranjang | 'bola keranjang' = basketball (no other use than for basketball) | basket |
| kereta | car | vehicle, carriage, cart (kereta api = train, kereta kuda = horse carriage/cart, kereta gantung = cable car) |
| kesal | regret Indonesian:sesal | annoyed |
| khidmat | service Indonesian: layanan | fully concentrate |
| koneksi | 'konek' = dick (slang/vulgar) | connection Malay: Sambungan |
| kopiah | taqiyah (cap) | songkok, peci |
| konfeksi | A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honey | clothing industry, any fancy or luxurious women's clothes (Dutch: confectie. A non-standard spelling sometimes used is: "konveksi") |
| kontrol | control |
|
| kurun | century | a long (time) |
| lucu | funny | funny, cute (slang) |
| mangsa | victim | prey (for animal) |
| mengacau | to disturb, to stir Indonesian: mengaduk | to disturb |
| olahraga | athletics (sport) | sport |
| operasi | mathematic operational symbol, tactical operation | mathematic operational symbol, police operation, operation/surgery (as in Dutch) |
| pajak | to mortgage, pawn | tax |
| paket | packet | packet, package (normally used for promotion purposes, as in Dutch) |
| pantas | speedily | appropriate, 'no wonder' |
| pantat | buttock (Sabahan Malay meaning), vagina/pussy (slang/vulgar) | buttock |
| pegawai | high-rank officer/officials | officials |
| pelan | plan (associated with architectural work, site map etc. only) | slow (perlahan in Malay) |
| penyelenggaraan | maintenance | organizing |
| pejabat | office | high-rank officer/officials (those who hold office, Malay (pegawai)) |
| pembangkang | opposition | rebel (noun), insurgent |
| pemerintah | ruler | government |
| pengacara | master of ceremonies, host Indonesian: pembawa acara |
lawyer |
| pengajian | studies Indonesian: pelajaran | mass recitation of Qur'an, (Islamic) teaching |
| penganjur | organizer | promoter |
| percuma | free of charge percuma can also mean free of charge in Indonesian, but its usage has become obsolete, replaced by cuma-cuma/gratis (taken from Dutch: gratis = free) | useless, not needed |
| perhubungan | 1. connection 2. communication |
1. connection 2. transportation |
| petang | afternoon | evening |
| piawai | standard; correct bahasa piawai = standard language | expert; skillful (on something) |
| pijat | bugs (software bugs i.e. Year 2000 bug and also commonly referring to the bed bugs) | massage Javanese pijet |
| pohon | tree, to plea or to beg (from basic word: "mohon") | tree |
| pokok | tree | essential, basic, main kebutuhan pokok = essential necessities |
| polis | police | (insurance) policy (as in Dutch) |
| polisi | policy | police (as in Dutch) |
| prestasi | performance | accomplishment, achievement |
| punggung | buttock | back Malay: belakang |
| pupuk | to nurture | fertilizer (also means 'to nurture' in the metaphorical sense of the word) |
| pusing | to go around a place, circular in motion, to spin/rotate Indonesian: putar | dizzy, confused, headache |
| putera | prince (Indonesian: Pangeran | son |
| rambut | hair (for head only) | hair |
| rayuan | appeal (neutral) | flattery, seduction (emotional or sexual connotation) |
| saat | second | jiffy |
| sarjana | master's degree | bachelor's degree |
| sederhana | medium, normal | simple, easy |
| semalam | yesterday; last night | last night |
| senang | easy | happy, relax |
| seronok | good, enjoyable Indonesian: seru | false thoughts from : tak senonoh > seronok, in nonstandard usage: "impolite", "pornography-related"[156][157] gambar seronok (gambar tak senonoh) = porn picture |
| sulit | confidential, difficult | difficult |
| tambang | fare Indonesian: tarif | mine, rope (as tali tambang) |
| tandas | toilet | to explain, to finish |
| tren | train (transportation) | trend (data patterns and forecasting) |
| undang-undang | law |
|
| wakil | representative | vice (for example, 'vice chancellor' and 'vice president'), representative |
Spelling differences
| English | Standard Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| account | akaun | akun |
| accountability | akauntabliti | akuntabilitas |
| accountant | akauntan | akuntan |
| amateur | amatur | amatir |
| architect | arkitek | arsitek |
| armed forces | tentera | tentara |
| auction | lelong | lelang |
| autonomy | autonomi | otonomi |
| balcony | balkoni | balkon |
| bell | loceng | lonceng |
| because (grammatical conjunction) | kerana | karena |
| biome | biom | bioma |
| bridge | jambatan | jembatan |
| broken, damaged | rosak | rusak |
| business | bisnes | bisnis |
| bus | bas | bus |
| cancer (diseases) | kanser | kanker |
| case (legal) | kes | kasus |
| cement | simen | semen |
| chancellor | canselor | kanselir |
| chips | kerepek | keripik |
| civil | sivil | sipil |
| community | komuniti | komunitas |
| concert | konsert | konser |
| counter | kaunter | konter |
| December | Disember | Desember |
| dialect | loghat | logat |
| diarrhea | diarea | diare |
| different | beza | beda |
| doctor (medical practitioner) | doktor | dokter |
| eight | lapan | delapan |
| Europe | Eropah | Eropa |
| export | eksport | ekspor |
| faculty | fakulti | fakultas |
| finance | kewangan | keuangan |
| garage | garaj | garasi |
| gonorrhea | gonorea | gonore |
| idea | idea | ide |
| immigration | imigresen | imigrasi |
| mathematics | matematik | matematika |
| magistrate | majistret | magistrat |
| meaning | erti | arti |
| medication | ubat | obat |
| minute | minit | menit |
| money | wang | uang |
| music | muzik | musik |
| namely, e.g. | iaitu | yaitu |
| news | khabar | kabar |
| newspaper | surat khabar | surat kabar |
| number | nombor | nomor |
| official (adj.) | rasmi | resmi |
| official position | jawatan | jabatan |
| parliament | parlimen | parlemen |
| party (political) | parti | partai |
| passport | pasport | paspor |
| pencil | pensel | pensil |
| phase | fasa | fase |
| physics | fizik | fisika |
| plan | pelan | plan |
| popular | popular | populer |
| prestige | prestij | prestise |
| prototype | prototaip | prototipe |
| punishment (divine) | seksa | siksa |
| sauce | sos | saus |
| sausage | sosej | sosis |
| scenario | senario | skenario |
| schedule | jadual | jadwal |
| scheme | skim | skema |
| secret | rahsia | rahasia |
| snow | salji | salju |
| sputum | kahak | dahak |
| station | stesen | stasiun |
| taxi | teksi | taksi |
| tempo | tempoh | tempo |
| thin | nipis | tipis |
| Thursday | Khamis | Kamis |
| truck, lorry | trak | truk |
| university | universiti | universitas |
| want | mahu | mau |
| zone | zon | zona |
Syllabification
| Word | Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) syllabification | Indonesian syllabification |
|---|---|---|
| Starting | Mu la i | Mu lai |
| Weather | Cua ca | Cu a ca |
Influence from English
One of the most important aspect in differences between Malay (Malaysian and Brunei) and Indonesian is the degree of influence from English. Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language, the Indonesian language also adopted a significant number of English loanwords in its vocabulary, although English did not play significant role on the Indonesian language and in fact most of these vocabulary are of Dutch origin – Dutch and English share a similar Germanic origin, and Dutch has also borrowed from Latin, although to a lesser extent than English. There have been many changes in Indonesian as a result of its historical development. Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns of structure.[158]
By the late 1970s, English words began pouring into the language, leading one commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the "trend towards Indo-Saxonization",[159] known in Indonesian as pengindosaksonan. Many loanwords from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need, expressing concepts adequately covered by existing words. Among the examples are: akurat instead of tepat (accurate, Dutch accuraat), aliansi in the place of sekutu (alliance, Dutch alliantie), eksis rather than wujud (exist), kandidat as well as calon (candidate, Dutch kandidaat), konklusi instead of kesimpulan (conclusion, Dutch conclusie), kontaminasi in the place of pencemaran (contamination, Dutch contaminatie), opini rather than pendapat (opinion, Dutch opinie) and opsi in the place of pilihan (option, Dutch optie).[160] However, these pengindosaksonan is not directly borrowed from English, but through their cognates in Dutch pronunciations as Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah is heavily influenced by Dutch pronunciation.
Example
The original text in Indonesian:
- [161] Apabila peraturan pakta stabilitas Eropa dihormati sampai ke detailnya, rasio utang publik dibanding produk domestik bruto pada hari krisis akan berada di posisi 10 persentase poin kurang dalam zona euro, katanya.
The same text rendered in Malay (Malaysian and Brunei):
- Apabila peraturan pakatan kestabilan Eropah dihormati secara terperinci, nisbah hutang awam berbanding keluaran dalam negara kasar pada zaman krisis akan berada di kedudukan 10 mata peratusan kurang dalam zon euro, kata beliau.
English translation:
- If the European stability pact rules had been respected in detail, the ratio of public debt to gross domestic product on the days of crisis would have been at the position 10 percentage points less in the eurozone, he said.
Convergence of vocabulary
The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of their formation than on cultural reasons. As a result, views regarding each other's languages differ amongst Malaysians and Indonesians. In Malaysia, the national language is Malay; in Indonesia, it is Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malay and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate – albeit closely related – languages. The result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with the Indonesians.[162] However, both parties have realized that communication benefits from mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages, which motivated efforts to synchronize the languages' development. The effort to synchronize both languages' evolution to increase their mutual intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standard rules of language. This process is headed by Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa on the Indonesian side and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka as its Malaysian counterpart. Authorities in both Brunei and Singapore generally abide by the Malaysian standard in disputes.
Sample
The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesian and Malay (Malaysian and Brunei), along with the original declaration in English.
- Indonesian text sample:[163]
- Maka,
- Majelis Umum memproklamasikan
- PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara, dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini, akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak-hak dan kebebasan-kebebasan tersebut, dan dengan jalan tindakan-tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional, menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif, baik oleh bangsa-bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa-bangsa dari daerah-daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka.
- Pasal 1
- Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.
- Pasal 1
- Malay (Malaysian and Brunei) text sample:[70]
- Maka dengan ini,
- Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan
- PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat, dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini, hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak-hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah-langkah berperingkat-peringkat, di bidang negara dan antarabangsa, bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan, kedua-duanya di antara negara-negara anggota masing-masing dan rakyat wilayah-wilayah di bawah bidang kuasa mereka.
- Perkara 1.
- Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.
- Perkara 1.
- The original English version of the text:[164]
- Now, therefore,
- the General Assembly proclaims
- this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
- Article 1
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
- Article 1
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- "TAGIHAN - Translation in English - bab.la".
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- "APA ITU KLAC (Clutch)?, Tejknik Dan Penggunaan". PPC AMSA MARKETING. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- Sources: various Malaysian coin internet collectors forums
- Sources: various Indonesian coin internet collectors forums
- keping means: "piece". It was a small copper coin, but the writer of this line did not see that "keping" means every coin
- "convertible". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
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- "tudung dapur". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
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- "double edge razor". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- "double edge razor". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- "double edge razor". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- "double edge razor". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- "dustpan". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- "dust pan". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (1st ed.). Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 295. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- Siti Nurhaliza song name : "Sesuci Lebaran"
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- "file". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- "fail". KBBI Daring. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- "floating rib". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
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- "flowerpot". Google Translate. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
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- "kibor". KBBI Daring. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
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{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - "lawn mower". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
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- "measuring jug". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- "measuring jug". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- "measuring jug". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
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- "notebook computer". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- "merah muda". KBBI Daring. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Source: Kenny Ong from Melaka Told me: "Najib Razak adalah BAJAK terbesar di Malaysia" meaning: Najib Razak "is the greatest pirate in Malaysia", the source that I learned what Bajak is...
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- "side marker light". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- "side marker light". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- "singki". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
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- "swivel chair". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- "swivel chair". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
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- "tandem". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- "trowel". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
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- "indicator lamp". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- "ulna". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- "water pump pliers". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- "water pump pliers". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- "water pump pliers". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- "rumput liar". Google Translate. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- "windscreen-wiper". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
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- Balai Bahasa Jawa Tengah
- Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring
- Roderick Ross Macdonald (1976). Indonesian reference grammar. Georgetown, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780878401635.
- The Indonesian Quarterly, Yayasan Proklamasi, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1977 Volume 5, Issues 1–3, page 76
- Seong Chee Tham (1991). A Study of the Evolution of the Malay Language: Social Change and Cognitive Development. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-9971691363.
- Antara News – Draghi: Krisis Zona Euro Berisiko "Sistemik"
- "Who is Malay?". July 2005. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- "Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia" [Universal Declaration of Human Rights]. OHCHR (in Indonesian).
- "Universal Declaration of Human Rights: English". OHCHR.
External links
- Haji Omar, Asmah (1989). "The Malay Spelling Reform". Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society: 9–13. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2006.
- Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. 2008. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
- Regina Pasys, "Ternyata 4 Negara Ini Mempunya Bahasa yang Mirip dengan Bahasa Indonesia, Sudah Tahu?", Grid Kids, https://kids.grid.id/read/472255841/keren-ternyata-4-negara-ini-mempunya-bahasa-yang-mirip-dengan-bahasa-indonesia-sudah-tahu?page=all
- Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia, Hiroki Nomoto, Nahoko Yamashita, Ayano Osaka (orthographic differences between Standard Malay and Indonesian)
- convection era
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