Comparison of video container formats

These tables compare features of multimedia container formats, most often used for storing or streaming digital video or digital audio content. To see which multimedia players support which container format, look at comparison of media players.

General information
Containers related by derivation

In many ways, derived containers are similar to those on which they are based, sometimes extending them, sometimes limiting their capabilities.

General information about video container formats
Format Filename extension Owner or creator Initial release License[lower-alpha 1] VBR audio VFR Hardware players Streaming[upper-alpha 1] Metadata[upper-alpha 2] Chapters Interactive menus 3D[upper-alpha 3][3]
Matroska .mkv, .mk3d[upper-alpha 4] CoreCodec[upper-alpha 5] 2002-12 Freely licensed[upper-alpha 6] Yes[upper-alpha 7] Yes[upper-alpha 7] Yes[upper-alpha 8] Yes[upper-alpha 9] Yes[13] Yes[14] Planned[15] Yes[16]
MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4) .mp4, .m4v[upper-alpha 10] MPEG 2001-10 Patent encumbered[17] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not standard[upper-alpha 11] Yes Only at video format level
QuickTime File Format (QTFF) .mov, .qt Apple Inc. 1991-12 Proprietary[20] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not standard
Advanced Systems Format (ASF) .asf, .wmv[upper-alpha 12] Microsoft 1996-09 Royalties on codecs[upper-alpha 13] Yes Yes Yes Yes[22] Yes Yes No Not standard
Audio Video Interleave (AVI) .avi Microsoft 1992-11 Proprietary[23] Yes[upper-alpha 14] Yes[upper-alpha 15] Yes No Yes Needs alterations No No
Material Exchange Format (MXF) .mxf SMPTE 2004-09 Patent-free[24] Yes Yes No Yes[24] Yes No No Yes[25]
MPEG program stream (PS) .m2p, .ps[upper-alpha 16] MPEG 1993-08 Patent-free[26] Yes Yes[upper-alpha 17] Yes No No No No No
MPEG transport stream (TS) .ts, .tsv[upper-alpha 18][upper-alpha 16] MPEG 1995-07 Patent-free[26] Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No
BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream (M2TS) .m2ts, .mts BDA 2004-08 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes With DVB[28] Needs multiple files[upper-alpha 19] Needs multiple files[upper-alpha 20] Yes Needs multiple files[upper-alpha 21]
Video Object (VOB) .vob DVD Forum 1996-11 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes No No Needs multiple files[upper-alpha 22] Needs multiple files[upper-alpha 22] No
Enhanced VOB (EVO) .evo DVD Forum 2006-03 Patent encumbered[29] Yes Yes Yes No No Needs multiple files[upper-alpha 23] Yes No
3GPP (3GP) .3gp 3GPP 2003-04 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes Yes[31] Yes No No No
3GPP2 (3G2) .3g2 3GPP2 2004-01 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
Flash Video (F4V) .f4v[upper-alpha 24] Adobe Inc. 2007-12 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[32] No No
Flash Video (FLV) .flv Adobe Inc. 2003-09 Proprietary[33] Yes[upper-alpha 25] Yes Yes With RTMP Yes Yes[32] No No
Ogg .ogv, .ogx[upper-alpha 26] Xiph.Org 2003-05 Open source[38] Yes Yes Yes Yes[39] Yes[40] As Vorbis comments[upper-alpha 27] No No
WebM .webm Google 2010-05 Royalty-free[42] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[43] Yes[43] No[43] Yes[upper-alpha 28]
RealMedia Variable Bitrate (RMVB) .rmvb RealNetworks 2003 Proprietary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[44] No No No
DivX Media Format (DMF) .divx DivX, Inc. 2005-06 Proprietary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
  1. Indicates if the container can be used for a container bitstream, for example, for use as an RTP payload format. Some technologies, such as WebRTC, do not use any container formats for streaming. Some use fragmented MP4 (fMP4) or MPEG-TS segment files, such as HLS and MPEG-DASH.[2]
  2. Tags.
  3. Container format level.
  4. Also .mka for content that is primarily audio or .mks for subtitles only.[4]
  5. Although CoreCodec, Inc. holds the copyrights and trademarks for the Matroska specification, the specifications are open to everybody. The source code of the libraries developed by the Matroska team is licensed under the LGPL and BSD licenses.
  6. Anyone can use it or modify it for their own needs without paying any license or patents.[5][6]
  7. Matroska is designed to store VBR and VFR content.[7]
  8. Companies producing Matroska-supporting hardware include Asus,[8] OPPO Digital,[9] Samsung,[10] and LG[11]
  9. Matroska can be streamed over HTTP and RTP/RTSP, through it is not meant to be streamed over RTP, as the two have duplicate features.[12]
  10. Also .m4a, .m4b or .m4p for audio-only content.
  11. There are two popular representations: text track (QuickTime), and userdata atom (Nero).[18][19]
  12. Also .wma for audio-only content.
  13. License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[21]
  14. ACM cannot handle VBR audio streams in AVI files. Thus, software using ACM to read audio from AVI files will not be able to handle VBR audio streams correctly, even though such files are compliant to the AVI file specification. This is a limitation of the ACM, not of the AVI file format.
  15. Although AVI is not designed for variable framerates, it is possible to use them without creating a non-standard file by using 0-byte chunks for skipped frames. However, it requires the framerate to be set to the least common multiple of all framerates used, and produces slight overhead compared to true VFR.
  16. The following extensions are also often used for an MPEG program or a transport stream: .mpg, .mpeg, .mpv, .m1v; also .mpa, .mp3, .mp2, .mp1, .m2a or .m1a for audio-only content.
  17. MPEG-2 Part 1 specification,[27] p. 64, sec. 2.6.3.
  18. Also .tsa for audio-only content.
  19. Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Simple title metadata are stored in the /BMDV/index.bdmv file.
  20. Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Chapters require a companion .mpls file in the /BDMV/PLAYLIST/ directory.
  21. Blu-ray 3D adopts a specific file structure to encode stereoscopic video. MVC stereoscopic data is in .ssif files in the /BDMV/STREAM/SSIF/ directory and require a respective base .m2ts file.
  22. VOB adopts a specific file structure to encode DVD content. Chapters and menus require a companion .ifo file.
  23. EVO adopts a specific file structure to encode HD DVD content. Chapters require companion .xpl file.[30]
  24. Also .f4a, .f4b and .f4p for audio-only content.
  25. Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[35] p. 188.
  26. Also .oga, .ogg or .opus for audio-only content.[36][37]
  27. Chapters stored as Vorbis comments[41] are well supported by common tools such as FFmpeg and VLC.
  28. Some stereo modes are supported.[43]

Attachments (additional files, such as fonts for subtitles) are only supported in Matroska,[16] MP4 and QTFF. M2TS supports attachments as multiple files in a specific file structure: fonts for subtitles are in .otf files in the /BDMV/AUXDATA/ directory.

Some common multimedia file formats are not completely distinct container formats. Some are containers for specific audio and video coding formats, such as WebM, a subset of Matroska. Some are combinations of common container formats and audio and video coding profiles, such as AVCHD and DivX formats. Although sometimes compared to DivX products, Xvid is neither a container format nor a video format, it is a software library that encodes video using specific coding profiles of the common MPEG-4 ASP video format. Those types of restrictions are intended to simplify the construction of multimedia recorders and players.

Video coding formats support
See also: Comparison of video codecs
Video container support for video coding formats
Format Type Initial release License[lower-alpha 1] MKV MP4[45] QTFF[lower-alpha 2] ASF[47] AVI[lower-alpha 3] MXF PS, TS[upper-roman 1] M2TS VOB 3GP, 3G2 F4V FLV[upper-roman 2]
MPEG-H HEVC (H.265) Lossy or lossless 2013-06 Patent encumbered[52] Yes[upper-roman 3] Yes Yes[55] Yes Yes Yes[56] Yes No No Yes No No
MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) Lossy or lossless 2004-08 Patent encumbered[57] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[upper-roman 4] Yes Yes[58] Yes No Yes Yes Not standard
AV1 Lossy or lossless 2018-03 Patent claims Beta[59] Yes No No No No Planned No No No No No
VP9 Lossy or lossless 2013-06 Patent claims Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No No No
VP8 Lossy or lossless 2008-09 Patent claims Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No No No
Dirac Lossy or lossless 2008-03 Patent-free[60] VCM[lower-alpha 4] No Yes No Needs Dirac[61] No Private No No No No No
MVC Stereoscopic 2009-05 Patent encumbered Yes[16] No No No No No[upper-roman 5][upper-roman 6] No No No Yes No No
MPEG-1 Video Lossy 1993-08 Expired patents[64][65] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
MPEG-2 Video Lossy 1996-05 Expired patents Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
MPEG-4 Visual Lossy 1999-12 Patent encumbered[66] Yes Yes First edition Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Microsoft MPEG4 V2 Lossy 2003 Patent encumbered, proprietary Yes Not standard Not standard Yes Yes No No No No No No No
VC-1 Lossy 2006-02 Patent encumbered[67] VCM[lower-alpha 4] Yes[68] Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No
H.263 Lossy 1996-03 Patent encumbered[66] No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No
Theora Lossy 2004-06 Free license[69] Yes No No No Needs ffdshow No No No No No No No
Cinepak Lossy 1991 Proprietary Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No
Sorenson Lossy 1998-03 Proprietary Yes No Versions 1 and 3 No Version 1 No No No No No No Spark
RealVideo Lossy 1997-02 Proprietary RV10, RV20, RV30, RV40 RV60 No No Not standard No No No No No No No
VP6 Lossy 2003-05 Proprietary No No No No Needs VP6[70][71] No No No No No No Yes
DV Intra-frame 1995 Proprietary VCM[lower-alpha 4] DVCPRO HD DV 25 Yes Yes Yes[73][upper-roman 7] No No No No No No
M-JPEG Intra-frame 1994-05 Expired patents[74] VCM[lower-alpha 4] Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No
JPEG 2000 Intra-frame 2000 Royalty-Free[75] No Yes No No Not standard Yes No No No No No No
Apple ProRes Intra-frame 2007-04 Proprietary No No Yes[76] No No Yes[76] No No No No No No
HuffYUV Lossless 2000 Open source VCM[lower-alpha 4] No No No Needs HuffYUV[77] No No No No No No No
YCbCr[upper-roman 8] Not compressed 1982 Patent-free Yes SheerVideo Yes Yes Yes Yes[78] No No No No No No
Other Other — Varies — — DVC Pro 50, Photo JPEG, Graphics, QuickTime Animation — Indeo — JPEG 2000, TICO — — — — Screen Video
  1. See the MPEG-2 Part 1 specification[27] and registered TS identifiers.[51]
  2. Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] p. 72, sec. E.4.3.1; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[35] Chapter 14: Video, pp. 204-218.
  3. HEVC is mentioned in the latest (07) draft of Matroska,[53] MKVToolNix and VLC already support it.[54]
  4. B-frames in an AVI file are a problem only for the ancient Video-for-Windows API, not for the AVI container itself.
  5. MVC is not covered by the latest iteration of the MXF standards.[62]
  6. MPEG, MXF, and SMPTE 381M,[63] pp. 201-219.
  7. DV, DVC Pro, and DVCam in MXF,[63] pp. 166-172.
  8. The digital YCbCr format is often informally called YUV, the analog format used as basis for it.

Some containers only support a restricted set of video formats:

Audio coding formats support
See also: Comparison of audio coding formats
Video container support for audio coding formats
Format Type Initial release License[lower-alpha 1] MKV MP4[45] QTFF[lower-alpha 2] ASF[47] AVI[lower-alpha 3] MXF PS, TS[51] M2TS VOB[85] 3GP 3G2 F4V FLV[lower-greek 1]
AAC Lossy 1997-12 Royalties on codecs[lower-greek 2] Yes Yes Yes AAC-LC, HE-AAC[87] AAC-LC, HE-AAC[lower-greek 3][87] Yes Private No No AAC-LC, HE-AAC AAC-LC, HE-AAC v1 Yes[lower-greek 4] Yes
MP3 Lossy 1991-12 Expired patents[88] Yes Yes MPEG-1 Audio Yes Yes[lower-greek 3] Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes
AC-3 Lossy 1991-02 Expired patents Yes Yes[91] Yes Yes Yes Yes Private Yes Private No No No No
E-AC-3 Lossy 2005-02 Patent encumbered QuickTime[lower-greek 5] Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No No No
DTS Lossy 1993-06 Proprietary Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Private Yes Private No No No No
WMA Lossy 1999-08 Proprietary[92] ACM[lower-alpha 4] No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No
Opus Lossy 2012-09 Royalty-free Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No
Vorbis Lossy 2000-05 Open source[93] Yes Private No No Tricky[lower-greek 6] No No No No No No No No
MP2 Lossy 1991-12 Patent-free[lower-greek 7] Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No
MP1 Lossy 1991-12 Expired patents Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No
QDesign Music 1 and 2 Lossy 1998 Proprietary QuickTime[lower-greek 5] No Yes No No No No No No No No No No
ATRAC3 Lossy 2000-09 Proprietary Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No
FLAC Lossless 2001-07 Open source Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No
ALAC Lossless 2004-04 Open source Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No
WMA Lossless Lossless 2003-01 Proprietary[97] ACM[lower-alpha 4] No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No
DTS-HD Lossless 2011-08 Proprietary Yes Yes[45] Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No
Dolby TrueHD Lossless 2006-04 Proprietary Mature[lower-greek 8] Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No
MLP Lossless 1999-03 Proprietary No Yes[45] No No No No Private No Private No No No No
ALS Lossless 2006-03 Patent encumbered No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No
SLS Lossless 2006-06 Patent encumbered No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No
LPCM Not compressed 1979 Patent-free[98] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Private Yes Private No No No Yes
A-law PCM Not compressed 1972-12 Expired patents[99] ACM[lower-alpha 4] No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes
μ-law PCM Not compressed 1972-12 Expired patents[99] ACM[lower-alpha 4] No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes
IEEE floating-point PCM Not compressed ≥1985 Patent-free[lower-greek 9] Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No
Microsoft ADPCM Not compressed 1992-05 Proprietary ACM[lower-alpha 4] No Yes Yes[47] Yes No No No No No No No No
DV Audio Not compressed 1995 Proprietary No Yes Yes No No Yes[73] No No No No No No No
AMR Speech 1999-06 Patent encumbered No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Yes AMR-NB, AMR-WB No No
G.728 Speech 1992-09 Expired patents No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No
Speex Speech 2003-03 Open source[100] ACM[lower-alpha 4] No No No No No No No No No No No Yes
QCELP Speech 1994 Proprietary No No Yes Yes No No No No No No 13K No No
Other Other — Varies Musepack, WavPack, TTA, any format supported by ACM — IMA 4:1, non-IEEE floating-point PCM, integer PCM Microsoft GSM 6.10 G.721, G.722, G.723, G.726, G.729a, CVSD, ATRAC1, Dolby AC-2 — — — — EVS EVRC, EVRC-B, EVRC-WB, SMV, VMR-WB — Asao, SWF ADPCM[101]
Obsolete Other — Varies — — MACE 3:1, MACE 6:1 — Truespeech, many others — — — — — — — —
  1. Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] p. 70, sec. E.4.3.2; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[35] Chapter 11: Sounds, pp. 177-192.
  2. License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[86]
  3. Setting dwSampleSize to 0 in the stream headers triggers VBR stream seeking[89] allowing VBR audio formats in AVI.[90]
  4. Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] pp. 7-8, sec. 1.8.
  5. Matroska can support some codecs privately when wrapped in a QuickTime data structure.[72]
  6. Vorbis is not officially supported in AVI. While it can technically be muxed into AVI using FFmpeg, Nandub and AVI-Mux GUI[94] many sources report trouble playing back the resulting files,[95] which are incompatible with existing Vorbis decoders for DirectShow and ACM, occasionally causing desynchronization when seeking.
  7. Proprietary tools.[96]
  8. Dolby TrueHD is supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC.
  9. Special case of LPCM.[98]

Some containers only support a restricted set of audio formats:

Audio-only content can sometimes be placed in a simpler audio-only container, such as Native FLAC for FLAC[103] and ADTS for AAC.

Subtitle formats support
See also: Subtitles § Subtitle formats
Video container support for subtitle formats
Format Type Initial release License[lower-alpha 1] MKV[104] MP4 QTFF[lower-alpha 2] ASF[47] AVI[lower-roman 1] MXF[lower-roman 2] PS, TS[51] M2TS VOB 3GP, 3G2 F4V FLV
SubRip[lower-roman 3] Formatted text 2000-03 Open source Yes[110] As TTXT[111] As TTXT[111] As SAMI[lower-roman 4] Needs alterations[94] As SMPTE-TT No No No As TTXT[111] As TTXT[111] No
WebVTT Formatted text 2010-08 Open source Yes[112] Yes[113] As TTXT[111] No No As SMPTE-TT No No No As TTXT[111] As TTXT[111] Using ActionScript[lower-roman 5]
ASS, SSA Formatted text 1996 Open source Yes[115] No No No Needs alterations[94] As SMPTE-TT No No No No No No
TTXT[lower-roman 6] XML 2006-04 Patent encumbered No[lower-roman 7] Yes Yes[46] No No No No No No Yes Yes[34] No
USF XML 2002-11 Proprietary Planned No No No Needs alterations No No No No No No No
SAMI HTML 1998-06 Proprietary No No No Yes Needs alterations As SMPTE-TT No No No No No No
VobSub Picture 2001 Patent encumbered Mature[lower-roman 8] Yes Not standard No Needs alterations No No As PGS[lower-roman 9] Yes No No No
PGS[lower-roman 10] Picture 2006-03 Patent encumbered Mature[lower-roman 8] As VobSub[lower-roman 9] No No No No No Blu-ray As VobSub[lower-roman 9] No No No
DVB-SUB[118] Picture 1997-09 Patent encumbered Mature[lower-roman 8] No No No No Yes[119] Yes No No No No No
Ogg Kate[120] Picture or formatted text 2008-03 Open source Mature[lower-roman 8] No No No No No No No No No No No
TextST[lower-roman 10] Text stream 2006-03 Patent encumbered Beta No No No No No No Yes No No No No
MicroDVD Plain text 2000-03 Proprietary No No No No Needs alterations No No No No No No No
Other Other — Varies Generic bitmap images, generic plain text[53] BIFS Quicktime SMIL, EIA-608, CTA-708 — XSUB[lower-roman 11] SMPTE-TT, EBU-TT[107][123] CTA-708 — — — — —
  1. AVI is not designed to embed subtitles, requiring changes to the format and third party tools such as DirectVobSub[105] and VLC.
  2. SMPTE standardized the format for text subtitles in MXF[106][107][108] without a reference software implementation, leaving it to independent developers.[109]
  3. SubRip can be converted losslessly to and from native subtitle formats of several containers, and this conversion is supported by many common tools.
  4. Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[109]
  5. Loading subtitles with ActionScript[114] may be restricted to the official Adobe Flash Player.
  6. TTXT is often called MPEG-4 Timed Text (MP4TT, MP4-TT) or 3GPP Timed Text (3GPP-TT, tx3g).
  7. MPEG-4 Timed Text subtitles aren't supported in Matroska according to developer of MKVToolNix.[116]
  8. VobSub, PGS, DVB-SUB and Ogg Kate are well supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC. The storage format is specified,[53] but the specification is not officially approved yet.
  9. Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[117]
  10. HDMV PGS and TextST subtitles are used on HD DVD and Blu-ray.
  11. Needs alterations to the container.[121][122]

Some containers only support a restricted set of subtitle formats:

  • DMF only supports XSUB.
  • EVO only supports HD DVD PGS.
  • Ogg only supports Ogg Kate and CMML.[lower-alpha 5] SubRip can be converted losslessly to Ogg Kate.[124] Ogg Writ[125] is well supported in Ogg in common tools such as OGMtools[102] and VLC, but there's no intention to turn its draft into a fully supported specification. Xiph recommends using Kate for subtitles.[126] MicroDVD can be converted to Ogg Writ.
  • RMVB only supports RealText. SMIL can be partially converted to RealText.
  • WebM only supports WebVTT.[43] SubRip can be converted losslessly to WebVTT.

Converting image subtitles to text formats is possible using third-party tools[127] but relies on optical character recognition, which is not perfectly accurate and can at best extract basic formatting. Conversion of text to images is possible while preserving content and style. Round-trip format conversion between text formats may not be possible without losing some formatting features.

Overhead

Multimedia containers interleave data in media streams to enable efficient playback using fewer computational resources, such as time spent reading from the storage drive, memory needed to buffer selected media streams, and time spent decoding when seeking to a different position in time. In this sense, muxing overhead is the control information added by the container to carry interleaved streams. A smaller overhead results in a smaller file when carrying the same streams with the same data. Overhead is affected by the total number of packets and by the size of stream packet headers. In high bitrate encodings, the content payload is usually large enough to make the overhead data relatively insignificant, but in low bitrate encodings, the inefficiency of the overhead can significantly affect the resulting file size if the container uses large stream packet headers or a large number of packets.

In general, Matroska[128] requires the least overhead, followed by MP4, AVI and Ogg.[129]

See also

Notes
  1. Indicates whether the standard is open or proprietary, patent-free or encumbered, whether royalty payments are required for streaming and codec implementation, and may indicate the availability of free tools for it.[1]
  2. See the QuickTime File Format Specification[46] and MP4RA's Entry Codes Registered for QuickTime.[45]
  3. AVI officially supports all codecs in the Media Foundation[48][47] which is an evolution of VCM and ACM, both of which are now obsolete. Some older codecs used to be officially supported,[49] and there are many known non-standard third-party extensions.[50]
  4. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[72] but support outside Windows may be limited.[72]
  5. Xiph has standardized the support for codecs in Ogg,[36] but added support for more codecs afterwards.[79][37]

References
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