Comprehensive geriatric assessment

Geriatricians have focused on holistic assessments of their patients since the early days of the specialty. Dr. Marjorie Warren was the first doctor in the UK to systematically assess older people, categorizing them into those who could be got better with appropriate treatment and then discharged, and those who needed continuing (usually institutional) care.[4] Over the past 30 years, CGA has evolved greatly, becoming much more explicit and better defined, and it has been implemented in a number of ways.

One of the first formal models was the orthogeriatrics service set up in Hastings in the 1960s.[5] The collaboration between Devas, an orthopaedic surgeon, and Irvine, a geriatrician, laid the foundation for a template for managing orthopaedic problems in older patients with concurrent medical problems.[4] Subsequent collaborative models between geriatricians and other specialists have been described, for example managing cancer in people who are older and frail.[6] In acute medicine the involvement of early CGA has been shown to reduce length of stay and improve management of people over the age of 70.[7]

Two thirds of older people have two or more long-term medical problems.[8] This makes determining the cause of any deterioration more difficult, and thus deciding the best treatment plan is also challenging, since it depends on accurately diagnosing the underlying medical problem. CGA is a systematic approach to identifying the problems that are limiting a person's ability to thrive and make the most of their life, in order to try to remedy as many of the problems as possible. The aim is to maximize quality of life.[9]

• Physical health issues (e.g. heart failure, osteoarthritis)
• Mental health issues (e.g. depression, vascular dementia)
• Functional issues (e.g. unable to shower herself, or do shopping)
• Social issues (e.g. lives alone, only child lives 200 miles away)
• Environmental issues (e.g. many rugs in the house [trip risk], only heating is coal fire)

Each of these domains is assessed (where possible using validated and reliable instruments and then a list of problems is compiled in the patient's record.[10] This potentially allows solutions to be identified for each of the identified problems. However, it is not a simple tick box exercise, but depends to some extent on the expertise of the clinicians involved.

The various members of the geriatric medicine multidisciplinary team (MDT) assess different domains.[11] The physician (usually a geriatrician or GP) assesses physical and mental health; the pharmacist may undertake a medication review (deprescribing; the nurse assesses various aspects of personal care (for example skin integrity and continence); the physiotherapist, balance and mobility; the occupational therapist, activities of daily living; and the social worker, social aspects of the case. Other paramedical health care professionals may be involved as needed, on a case by case basis - for example a speech and language therapist if there are concerns about language or swallowing, a dietician if there are concerns about nutrition, and so on.

Usually, the MDT meet regularly to integrate the information from the various assessments in order to formulate a list of problems and potential solutions. Then, recommendations about how to proceed can be explained to the older person (and to relatives or close friends, if the person wishes) to see what their preferences are. Since the person's condition may change over time, the process is iterative, working towards a final management plan. In the case of hospital in-patients the aim is to devise a robust discharge plan.

A Cochrane systematic review of studies looking at CGA found 29 relevant randomized controlled trials done in nine countries.[3] They included a total of 13,766 people over 65 who were admitted to hospital, and compared CGA with routine care.[3] This provides a fairly powerful body of evidence on which to base clinical practice, and is the basis for National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommending its use in older people with complex needs admitted to hospital.[12] It is widely accepted that CGA provides the benefits cited in the introduction above, except for people who are too well, or too frail.[13] There is also evidence of its benefit with respect to functional status, social activity, satisfaction with life and health, and mood when used in primary care.[13] However, the evidence for its use in the community was low quality, and the NICE recommended further research in specific groups of people, before making strong recommendations for its use.[14] A subsequent systematic review of its use in primary care showed mixed results, with improved adherence to medication modifications, but no survival or functional outcome benefits, although interventions were acceptable and potentially cost-effective.[15]

CGA has been shown to be useful for treating people who are hospitalized,[3] in care homes,[16] in case management (in the U.S.),[1] in cancer treatment for older people,[17] and in primary care (i.e. in the general community).[18] There is a relative lack of geriatricians with the training and expertise to contribute to a CGA, therefore, a significant proportion of people who are older and frail and who may benefit from CGA do not have access to it.[19]

• Michel J-P, Beattie BL, Martin FC, Walston J. (eds) (2017, 3rd ed.). Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780198701590 (chapters 16 - Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: Evidence, & 17 - Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: The Specific Assessment Technology of InterRAI)
• Sinclair AJ, Morley JE, Vellas B. (eds) (2012, 5th ed.) Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine ISBN 9780470683934 (chapter 112 - Multidimensional Geriatric Assessment)
• Fillit HM, and Rockwood K, Young JB. (eds) (2016, 8th ed.) Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology ISBN 9780702061851 (chapters 34 - Multidimensional Geriatric Assessment, & 38 - Measuring Outcomes of Multidimensional Geriatric Assessment Programs)
• Busby-Whitehead J, Arenson C, Reichel W. (eds) (2016, 7th ed) Reichel's Care of the Elderly ISBN 9781107054943 (chapter 3 - Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment)
• Woodford H, George J. (2013, 1st ed.) Acute Medicine in the Frail Elderly ISBN 9781908911582 (p 41 - Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment)

• Multimorbidity: clinical assessment and management - Guidance and guidelines (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence)
• Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Toolkit for Primary Care Practitioners (British Geriatrics Society)
• Hospital-Wide Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (British Geriatrics Society)
• Conducting A comprehensive geriatric assessment in hospital fact sheet (Victoria State Government, Australia)