Multiuser DOS

Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.

Multiuser DOS
Novell DR Multiuser DOS Release 5.1
DeveloperDigital Research, Novell
OS familyCP/M
Working stateDiscontinued
Source modelClosed source
Final release7.22 R18 / 21 April 2005 (2005-04-21) (REAL/32: 7.95)
Available inEnglish
Update methodRe-installation
Package managerNone
Platformsx86, 68000
Kernel typeMonolithic kernel
Default
user interface		Command-line interface (COMMAND.COM)
LicenseProprietary
Official websiteVarious (see notes)

An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by Digital Research and acquired and further developed by Novell in 1991.[1][2][3] Its ancestry lies in the earlier Digital Research 8-bit operating systems CP/M and MP/M, and the 16-bit single-tasking CP/M-86 which evolved from CP/M.

When Novell abandoned Multiuser DOS in 1992, the three master value-added resellers (VARs) DataPac Australasia, Concurrent Controls[4] and Intelligent Micro Software[5] were allowed to take over and continued independent development into Datapac Multiuser DOS and System Manager, CCI Multiuser DOS, and IMS Multiuser DOS and REAL/32.[5]

The FlexOS line, which evolved from Concurrent DOS 286 and Concurrent DOS 68K, was sold off to Integrated Systems, Inc. (ISI) in July 1994.

Concurrent CP/M-86
See also: MP/M-86

The initial version of CP/M-86 1.0 (with BDOS 2.x) was adapted and became available to the IBM PC in 1982. It was commercially unsuccessful as IBM's PC DOS 1.0 offered much the same facilities for a considerably lower price. Neither PC DOS nor CP/M-86 could fully exploit the power and capabilities of the new 16-bit machine.

It was soon supplemented by an implementation of CP/M's multitasking 'big brother', MP/M-86 2.0, since September 1981. This turned a PC into a multiuser machine capable of supporting multiple concurrent users using dumb terminals attached by serial ports. The environment presented to each user made it seem as if they had the entire computer to themselves. Since terminals cost a fraction of the then-substantial price of a complete PC, this offered considerable cost savings, as well as facilitating multi-user applications such as accounts or stock control in a time when PC networks were rare, very expensive and difficult to implement.

CP/M-86 1.1 (with BDOS 2.2) and MP/M-86 2.1 were merged to create Concurrent CP/M-86 3.0 (also known as CCP/M-86) with BDOS 3.0 in late 1982.[6] Kathryn Strutynski, the project manager for CP/M-86, was also the project manager for Concurrent CP/M-86. One of its designers was Francis "Frank" R. Holsworth.[7][8] Initially, this was a single-user operating system supporting true multi-tasking of up to four (in its default configuration) CP/M-86 compatible programs. Like its predecessors it could be configured for multi-processor support (see e.g. Concurrent CP/M-86/80) and also added "virtual screens" letting an operator switch between the interactions of multiple programs.[6] Later versions supported dumb terminals and so could be deployed as multiuser systems. Concurrent CP/M-86 3.1 (BDOS 3.1) shipped on 21 February 1984.[9]

Concurrent CP/M-86 with Windows

In February 1984 Digital Research also offered a version of Concurrent CP/M-86 with windowing capabilities named Concurrent CP/M with Windows for the IBM Personal Computer and Personal Computer XT.[10]

Concurrent CP/M-86/80
See also: CP/M-86/80, CP/M 8-16, and MP/M 8-16

This was an adaptation of Concurrent CP/M-86 for the LSI-M4, LSI Octopus[11] and CAL PC computers. These machines had both 16-bit and 8-bit processors, because in the early days of 16-bit personal computing, 8-bit software was more available and often ran faster than the corresponding 16-bit software. Concurrent CP/M-86/80 allowed users to run both CP/M (8-bit) and CP/M-86 (16-bit) applications. When a command was entered, the operating system ran the corresponding application on either the 8-bit or the 16-bit processor, depending on whether the executable file had a .COM or .CMD extension. It emulated a CP/M environment for 8-bit programs by translating CP/M system calls into CP/M-86 system calls, which were then executed by the 16-bit processor.[6]

Concurrent DOS

In August 1983, Bruce Skidmore, Raymond D. Pedrizetti, Dave Brown and Gordon Edmonds teamed up to create PC-MODE,[12] an optional module for Concurrent CP/M-86 3.1[13][14] (with BDOS 3.1) to provide basic compatibility with PC DOS 1.1 (and MS-DOS 1.1).[14] This was shown publicly at COMDEX in December 1983[12] and shipped in March 1984 as Concurrent DOS 3.1 (a.k.a. CDOS with BDOS 3.1) to hardware vendors.[15][16] Simple DOS applications, which did not directly access the screen or other hardware, could be run. For example, although a console program such as PKZIP worked perfectly and offered more facilities than the CP/M-native ARC archiver, applications which performed screen manipulations, such as the WordStar word processor for DOS, would not, and native Concurrent CP/M (or CP/M-86) versions were required.

While Concurrent DOS 3.1 up to 4.1 had been developed in the US, OEM adaptations and localizations were carried out by DR Europe's OEM Support Group in Newbury, UK,[17] since 1983.

Digital Research positioned Concurrent DOS 4.1 with GEM as alternative for IBM's TopView in 1985.[18]

Concurrent PC DOS

Concurrent DOS 3.2 (with BDOS 3.2) in 1984 was compatible with applications for CP/M-86 1.x, Concurrent CP/M-86 3.x and PC DOS 2.0.[17] It was available for many different hardware platforms. The version with an IBM PC compatible BIOS/XIOS was named Concurrent PC DOS 3.2. Kathryn Strutynski was the product manager for Concurrent PC DOS.

Concurrent DOS 68K and FlexOS 68K

Efforts being part of a cooperation with Motorola since 1984[19][14] led to the development of Concurrent DOS 68K in Austin, Texas, as a successor to CP/M-68K written in C. One of its main architects was Francis "Frank" R. Holsworth (using siglum FRH).[7][8] Concurrent DOS 68K 1.0 became available for OEM evaluation in early 1985.[20][21] The effort received considerable funding worth several million dollars from Motorola[20] and was designed for their 68000/68010 processors. Like the earlier GEMDOS system for 68000 processors it initially ran on the Motorola VME/10 development system.[14] Concurrent DOS 68K 1.20/1.21 was available in April 1986,[22][23][24] offered for about 200000 dollars to OEMs.[20] This system evolved into FlexOS 68K in late 1986.

Known versions include:

Concurrent DOS 286 and FlexOS 286

In parallel to the Concurrent DOS 68K effort,[20] Digital Research also previewed Concurrent DOS 286[25] in cooperation with Intel in January 1985. This was based on MP/M-286 and Concurrent CP/M-286, on which Digital Research had worked since 1982.[26][27]

Concurrent DOS 286 was a complete rewrite in the C language based on a new system architecture with dynamically loadable device drivers instead of a static BIOS or XIOS.[25] One of its main architects was Francis "Frank" R. Holsworth.[7][8] The operating system would function strictly in 80286 native mode, allowing protected mode multi-user, multitasking operation while running 8086 emulation.[28][25] While this worked on the B-1 step of prototype chip samples, Digital Research, with evaluation copies of their operating system already shipping in April, discovered problems with the emulation on the production level C-1 step of the processor in May, which would not allow Concurrent DOS 286 to run 8086 software in protected mode. The release of Concurrent DOS 286 had been scheduled for late May, but was delayed until Intel could develop a new version of the chip.[28] In August, after extensive testing E-1 step samples of the 80286, Digital Research said that Intel had corrected all documented 286 errata, but that there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS 286 running on the E-1 step. Intel said that the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating 8086 software in protected mode differed from the original specifications; nevertheless they incorporated into the E-2 step minor changes in the microcode that allowed Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster (see LOADALL).[29][23] These same limitations affected FlexOS 286 version 1.x, a reengineered derivation of Concurrent DOS 286,[30][31] which was developed by Digital Research's new Flexible Automation Business Unit in Monterey, California, since 1986.

Later versions added compatibility with PC DOS 2.x and 3.x.

Known versions include:

Concurrent DOS XM and Concurrent DOS 386
See also: GEM XM
Digital Research Concurrent DOS XM Release 6.0
Digital Research Concurrent DOS 386 Release 2.0

The OEM Support Group was relocated into Digital Research's newly created European Development Centre (EDC) in Hungerford, UK in 1986, which started to take over further development of the Concurrent DOS family since Concurrent DOS 4.11, including siblings like DOS Plus and successors.

Developed in Hungerford, UK, versions 5 and 6 (Concurrent DOS XM, with XM standing for Expanded Memory) could bank switch up to 8 MB of EEMS to provide a real-mode environment to run multiple CP/M-86 and DOS programs concurrently and support up to three users (one local and up to two hooked up via serial terminals).

In 1987, Concurrent DOS 86 was rewritten to become Concurrent DOS 386,[33] still a continuation of the classical XIOS & BDOS architecture. This ran on machines equipped with the Intel 80386 and later processors, using the 386's hardware facilities for virtualizing the hardware, allowing most DOS applications to run unmodified under Concurrent DOS 386, even on terminals. The OS supported concurrent multiuser file access, allowing multiuser applications to run as if they were on individual PCs attached to a network server. Concurrent DOS 386 allowed a single server to support a number of users on dumb terminals or inexpensive low-specification PCs running terminal emulation software, without the need for expensive workstations and then-expensive network cards. It was a true multiuser system; several users could use a single database with record locking to prevent mutual interference.

Concurrent DOS 6.0 represented also the starting point for the DR DOS family, which was carved out of it.

Known versions include:

  • DR Concurrent PC DOS XM 5.0 (BDOS 5.0)
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 5.0 (BDOS 5.0, October 1986)
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 5.1 (BDOS 5.1?, January 1987)
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 5.2 (BDOS 5.2?, September 1987)[34][35][36]
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 6.0 (BDOS 6.0, 1987-11-18),[37][38] 6.01 (1987)
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 6.2 (BDOS 6.2),[39] 6.21
  • DR Concurrent DOS 386 1.0 (BDOS 5.0?, 1987)
  • DR Concurrent DOS 386 1.1 (BDOS 5.2?, September 1987)[34]
  • DR Concurrent DOS 386 2.0 (BDOS 6.0, 1987-11-18),[37] 2.01[40]
  • DR Concurrent DOS 386 3.0 (BDOS 6.2, December 1988, January 1989),[39] 3.01 (1989-05-19), 3.02 (1989)

Concurrent PC DOS XM 5.0 emulated IBM PC DOS 2.10,[41] whereas Concurrent DOS XM 6.0 and Concurrent DOS 386 2.0 were compatible with IBM PC DOS 3.30.[42]

Adaptations

Known CCI Concurrent DOS adaptations by Concurrent Controls, Inc. include:

  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 1.12 (BDOS 5.0?, October 1987)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 2.01 (BDOS 6.0?, May 1988)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.01 (BDOS 6.2?, March 1989)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.02 (April 1990)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.03 (March 1991)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.04 (July 1991)[43] aka "CCI Concurrent DOS 4.0"[44]
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.05 R1 (1992-02), R2 (1992), R3+R4 (1992), R5+R6 (1992), R7+R8 (1993), R9+R10 (1993), R11 (August 1993)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.06 R1 (December 1993), R2+R3 (1994), R4+R5+R6 (1994), R7 (July 1994)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.07 R1 (March 1995), R2 (1995), R3 (1996), R4 (1996), R5 (1997), R6 (1997), R7 (June 1998)[45]
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.08
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.10 R1 (2003-10-05)[46]

Other adaptations include:

  • Apricot Concurrent DOS 386 2.01 (1987) for Apricot Quad Version Level 4.3[47]

Multiuser DOS
This article is about Concurrent DOS. For other uses, see MDOS (disambiguation).

Later versions of Concurrent DOS 386 incorporated some of the enhanced functionality of DR's later single-user PC DOS clone DR DOS 5.0, after which the product was given the more explanatory name "Multiuser DOS" (a.k.a. MDOS), starting with version 5.0 (with BDOS 6.5) in 1991.[48]

Multiuser DOS suffered from several technical limitations that restricted its ability to compete with LANs based on PC DOS. It required its own special device drivers for much common hardware, as PC DOS drivers were not multiuser or multi-tasking aware. Driver installation was more complex than the simple PC DOS method of copying the files onto the boot disk and modifying CONFIG.SYS appropriately – it was necessary to relink the Multiuser DOS kernel (known as a nucleus) using the SYSGEN command.

Multiuser DOS was also unable to use many common PC DOS additions such as network stacks, and it was limited in its ability to support later developments in the PC-compatible world, such as graphics adaptors, sound cards, CD-ROM drives and mice. Although many of these were soon rectified – for example, graphical terminals were developed, allowing users to use CGA, EGA and VGA software – it was less flexible in this regard than a network of individual PCs, and as the prices of these fell, it became less and less competitive, although it still offered benefits in terms of management and lower total cost of ownership. As a multi-user operating system its price was higher than a single-user system, of course, and it required special device drivers, unlike single-user multitasking DOS add-ons such as Quarterdeck's DESQview. Unlike MP/M, it never became popular for single-user but multitasking use.

When Novell acquired Digital Research in 1991[1][2][3] and abandoned Multiuser DOS in 1992, the three Master VARs DataPac Australasia, Concurrent Controls[4] and Intelligent Micro Software[5] were allowed to license the source code of the system to take over and continue independent development of their derivations in 1994.

Known versions include:

  • DR Multiuser DOS 5.00 (1991),[49] 5.01
  • Novell DR Multiuser DOS 5.10 (1992-04-13),[50] 5.11[51]
  • Novell DR Multiuser DOS 5.13 (BDOS 6.6, 1992)

All versions of Digital Research and Novell DR Multiuser DOS reported themselves as "IBM PC DOS" version 3.31.

DataPac Australasia

Known versions by DataPac Australasia Pty Limited include:

  • Datapac Multiuser DOS 5.0
  • Datapac Multiuser DOS 5.1 (BDOS 6.6)
  • Datapac System Manager 7.0 (1996-08-22)

In 1997, Datapac was bought by Citrix Systems, Inc.,[52][53][54] and System Manager was abandoned soon after. In 2002 the Sydney-based unit was spun out into Citrix' Advanced Products Group.[55]

Concurrent Controls

Known CCI Multiuser DOS versions by Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI) include:

  • CCI Multiuser DOS 7.00
  • CCI Multiuser DOS 7.10
  • CCI Multiuser DOS 7.21[56]
  • CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22[56] R1 (September 1996), R2 (1996), R3 (1997), R4 GOLD/PLUS/LITE (BDOS 6.6, 1997-02-10), R5 GOLD (1997), R6 GOLD (1997), R7 GOLD (June 1998), R8 GOLD, R9 GOLD, R10 GOLD, R11 GOLD (2000-09-25), R12 GOLD (2002-05-15), R13 GOLD (2002-07-15), R14 GOLD (2002-09-13), R15 GOLD, R16 GOLD (2003-10-10), R17 GOLD (2004-02-09), R18 GOLD (2005-04-21)

All versions of CCI Multiuser DOS report themselves as "IBM PC DOS" version 3.31.[56] Similar to SETVER under DOS, this can be changed using the Multiuser DOS DOSVER x.y utility.[56]

In 1999, CCI changed its name to Applica, Inc.[57] In 2002 Applica Technology became Aplycon Technologies, Inc.[58]

DOS 386 Professional
IMS Multiuser DOS

Known adaptations of IMS Multiuser DOS include:

  • IMS Multiuser DOS Enhanced Release 5.1 (1992)
  • IMS Multiuser DOS 5.11
  • IMS Multiuser DOS 5.14
  • IMS Multiuser DOS 7.0
  • IMS Multiuser DOS 7.1 (BDOS 6.7, 1994)

All versions of IMS Multiuser DOS report themselves as "IBM PC DOS" version 3.31.

REAL/32
IMS REAL/32 Version 7.6

Intelligent Micro Software Ltd. (IMS) of Thatcham, UK, acquired a license to further develop Multiuser DOS from Novell in 1994 and renamed their product REAL/32 in 1995.[5]

Similar to FlexOS/4690 OS before, IBM in 1995 licensed REAL/32 7.50 to bundle it with their 4695 POS terminals.[5]

IMS REAL/32 versions:

  • IMS REAL/32 7.50 (BDOS 6.8, 1995-07-01), 7.51 (BDOS 6.8), 7.52 (BDOS 6.9), 7.53 (BDOS 6.9, 1996-04-01), 7.54 (BDOS 6.9, 1996-08-01)[59]
  • IMS REAL/32 7.60 (BDOS 6.9, February 1997),[60] 7.61, 7.62, 7.63
  • IMS REAL/32 7.70 (November 1997), 7.71, 7.72, 7.73, 7.74 (1998)[61]
  • IMS REAL/32 7.80, 7.81 (February 1999), 7.82, 7.83 (BDOS 6.10)
  • IMS REAL/32 7.90 (1999),[62] 7.91, 7.92
  • ITERA IMS REAL/32 7.93 (June 2002),[63] 7.94 (BDOS 6.13, 2003-01-31)[64]
  • Integrated Solutions IMS REAL/32 7.95[65]

REAL/32 7.50 to 7.74 report themselves as "IBM PC DOS" version 3.31, whereas 7.80 and higher report a version of 6.20. LBA and FAT32 support was added with REAL/32 7.90 in 1999.[62] On 19 April 2002, Intelligent Micro Software Ltd. filed for insolvency and was taken over by one of its major customers, Barry Quittenton's Itera Ltd.[66][67][68] This company was dissolved on 2006-03-28.[69][70] As of 2010 REAL/32 was supplied by Integrated Solutions of Thatcham, UK, but the company, at the same address, was later listed as builders.[65]

REAL/NG

REAL/NG was IMS' attempt to create the "Next Generation" of REAL/32, also named "REAL/32 for the internet age". REAL/NG promised "increased range of hardware from PCs to x86 multi-processor server systems".[71]

Advertised feature list, as of 2003:[72]

  • Runs with Red Hat 7.3 or later version of Linux
  • Backward compatible with DOS and REAL/32
  • Max 65535 virtual consoles; each of these can be a user
  • No Linux expertise required
  • Administration/setup/upgrade by web browser (local and remote)
  • Supplied with TCP/IP Linux-/Windows-based terminal emulator for the number of users purchased
  • Print and file sharing built in
  • Drive mapping between Linux and REAL/NG servers built in
  • User hardware support
  • Increased performance
  • Vastly increased TPA
  • Multi-processor support
  • Improved hardware support
  • Built-in firewall support
  • Very low cost per seat
  • Low total cost of ownership
  • Supplied on CD
  • Supplied with a set of Red Hat CDs

By 10 December 2003, IMS made "REALNG V1.60-V1.19-V1.12" available,[73] which, based on the Internet Archive, seems to be the latest release.

By 2005, the realng.com website was mirroring the IMS main website, and had no mention of REAL/NG, only REAL/32.[74]

Application software

While the various releases of this operating system had increasing ability to run DOS programs, software written for the platform could take advantage of its features by using function calls specifically suitable for multiuser operation. It used pre-emptive multitasking, preventing badly-written applications from delaying other processes by retaining control of the processor. To this day, Multiuser DOS is supported by popular SSL/TLS libraries such as wolfSSL.

The API provided support for blocking and non-blocking message queues, mutual-exclusion queues, the ability to create sub-process threads which executed independently from the parent, and a method of pausing execution which did not waste processor cycles, unlike idle loops used by single-user operating systems. Applications were started as "attached" to a console. However, if an application did not need user interaction it could "detach" from the console and run as a background process, later reattaching to a console if needed.

Another key feature was that the memory management supported a "shared" memory model for processes (in addition to the usual models available to normal DOS programs). In the shared memory model the "code" and "data" sections of a program were isolated from each other. Because the "code" contained no modifiable data, code sections in memory could be shared by several processes running the same program, thereby reducing memory requirements.

Programs written, or adapted, for any multitasking platform need to avoid the technique used by single-tasking systems of going into endless loops until interrupted when, for example, waiting for a user to press a key; this wasted processor time that could be used by other processes. Instead, Concurrent DOS provided an API call which a process could call to "sleep" for a period of time. Later versions of the Concurrent DOS kernel included Idle Detection, which monitored DOS API calls to determine whether the application was doing useful work or in fact idle, in which case the process was suspended allowing other processes to run. Idle Detection was the catalyst for the patented DR-DOS Dynamic Idle Detection power management feature invented in 1989 by Roger Alan Gross and John P. Constant and marketed as BatteryMAX.[75]

See also

References
  1. Scott, Karyl (1991-07-29). "Novell/DRI merger to reap better client management". InfoWorld. Networking. Vol. 13, no. 30. InfoWorld Publishing Co. p. 33. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on 2020-02-09. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
  2. "Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement". Business Wire. 1991-07-17. Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  3. Allchin, Jim (1992-05-27) [1991-07-17]. "Novell/Digital Research reach definitive agreement…" (PDF) (Court document). Plaintiff's exhibit 828, Comes v. Microsoft. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-19. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
  4. Barney, Doug (1994-07-25). "CCI helps users run more DOS apps – Multiuser DOS Lite handles eight NetWare sessions". InfoWorld: 20. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
  5. Pontin, Jason (1995-11-27). "IMS offers Real32 OS for application servers". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  6. Kildall, Gary Arlen (1982-09-16). "Running 8-bit software on dual-processor computers" (PDF). Electronic Design: 157. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-08-19.
  7. Wein, Josef "Joe" (2002). "Gary Kildall in England". Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  8. Holsworth, Francis "Frank" R. (2006-02-01). "Video: Frank Holsworth, developer" (interview). Information Technology Corporate Histories Collection. Computer History Museum. CHM Catalog Number 102770341. ITCHP 44403c1a3fd53. Lot Number X7847.2017. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-04.
  9. Digital Research (1984): Concurrent CP/M ships early in response to team effort. Digital Dialogue – Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc., Volume 3, Number 1, p. 1 ().
  10. "Concurrent CP/M with Windows Operating System – Technical Note for the IBM Personal Computer and Personal Computer XT" (PDF) (1 ed.). Digital Research. February 1984. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  11. LSI Octopus (Hilger Analytical) – MCbx
  12. Digital Research (1984): PC-Mode bridges CP/M and PC-DOS. Digital Dialogue – Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc., Volume 3, Number 1, p. 3 ().
  13. Digital Research: Concurrent CP/M Release 3.1 offers PC-DOS compatibility. Digital Research News – For Digital Research Users Everywhere, Volume 4, No. 1, p. 5, first quarter 1984 (): "Concurrent CP/M Release 3.1 replaces MP/M-86 as Digital Research's multiuser system. Targeted at 16-bit microcomputers, Release 3.1 may also be configured for a single user environment. Kevin Wandryk, product line manager for the new release, said the PC-DOS mode in the new release increases the availability of applications software. End users can choose between products for Concurrent CP/M or PC-DOS. Digital Research will provide a list of those applications from PC-DOS which may be used, Wandryk said. The manufacturer's version was introduced in December at the COMDEX/Fall trade show in Las Vegas and is scheduled to ship in March."
  14. "1" (PDF). Micro Notes – A Technical Information Quarterly. Vol. 2, no. 1. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Digital Research, Inc. First Quarter 1984. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  15. Digital Research: Concurrent DOS bridges PC-DOS, CP/M. Digital Research News – For Digital Research Users Everywhere, Volume 4, No. 2, p. 3, May 1984 (): '"Concurrent DOS Release 3.1 is rapidly gaining momentum and support from a wide range of microcomputer manufacturers," Wandryk said. "Some 60 hardware companies have licensed the product since it was released in early March."'
  16. "2" (PDF). Micro Notes – Technical information on Digital Research products. Vol. 2, no. 2. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Digital Research, Inc. May 1984. NWS-106-002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  17. "3" (PDF). Micro Notes – Technical information on Digital Research products. Vol. 2, no. 3. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Digital Research, Inc. July 1984. NWS-106-003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  18. CW (1985-06-21). "Concurrent DOS 4.1 in den USA angekündigt". Computerwoche (in German). Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  19. Gallant, John (1984-01-23). "Digital Research, Monterey ink Unix-centered pact". Computerworld. XVIII (3): 6. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
  20. Knox, James M. (1986-06-22). "Re: DRI Concurrent DOS for 68K". Newsgroup: mod.computers.68k. Archived from the original on 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  21. Knox, James M. (1987-01-31). "CDOS-68K". Newsgroup: mod.computers.68k. Archived from the original on 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  22. "Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 – Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 – Disk 1". 1986-08-06 [1986-04-08]. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  23. "Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 – Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 – Disk 2". 1986-08-06 [1986-04-08]. Retrieved 2018-09-13. (NB. This package also includes some header files from Concurrent DOS 286, including STRUCT.H explicitly mentioning LOADALL for "8086 emulation".)
  24. "Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 – Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 – Disk 3". 1986-08-06 [1986-04-08]. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  25. "Concurrent DOS-286 Challenges Unix". BYTE Magazine. 10 (5): 375-377. May 1985. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
  26. Swaine, Michael (1982-04-05). "Homebrew Computer Club views Intel's superchip". InfoWorld. Palo Alto, CA, USA. 4 (13): 4. Archived from the original on 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2020-01-07. […] Digital Research is producing an operating system for the 286. MP/M-286 will take advantage of the processor's memory management and protection and virtual memory support. Digital Research is promising "complete" compatibility with its MP/M-86 and CP/M-86 for the 8086 processor. Intel is supplying Digital Research with the hardware to develop and test MP/M-286. […]
  27. Bidmead, Christopher H. (2006-05-09) [1985-03-25]. "Surviving Big Blue". Doctor Who. Which Computer?. Archived from the original on 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2020-01-07. […] Paul Bailey of Digital Research keenly promotes this approach; it is his company that is supplying ICL and others with Concurrent Dos-286. This chameleon operating system allows ICL and other 80286 manufacturers to build machines that will be able to cope with all the existing body of IBM-PC software – and at the same time promise multi-tasking, windowing and true concurrency, three features that together allow a single micro to do several things at once. […] Although no firm announcements have been made, it seems certain that by the end of the year ACT will be offering a Concurrent CP/M 286 machine to fuel its drive into the corporate market. But by this time it will have to contend with IBM's own 80286 office micro, the PC/AT. […] IBM also have a software product in the offing that could pull the rug out from under the Concurrent contenders. Some 180K in size, TopView is a program for IBM PC's and AT's that beefs up the operating system to provide windowing facilities for existing 'well behaved' standard packages. […]
  28. Foster, Edward (1985-05-13). "Super DOS awaits new 80286 – Concurrent DOS 286 – delayed until Intel upgrades chip – offers Xenix's power and IBM PC compatibility". InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group. 7 (19): 17–18. ISSN 0199-6649.
  29. Foster, Edward (1985-08-26). "Intel shows new 80286 chip – Future of DRI's Concurrent DOS 286 still unclear after processor fixed". InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group. 7 (34): 21. ISSN 0199-6649.
  30. FlexOS Supplement for Intel iAPX 286-based Computers (PDF). 1.3 (1 ed.). Digital Research, Inc. November 1986. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
  31. CBR, ed. (1987-01-15). "Digital Research launches FlexOS 286 Real-Time Manufacturing Operating System". Computer Business Review. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
  32. High C Programmer's Guide – Version 1.2 for Concurrent DOS (PDF) (1 ed.). Santa Cruz, CA, USA: MetaWare Incorporated. 1986 [1985-09-15]. Retrieved 2018-08-14. […] This is a guide to the operation of the High C compiler as implemented for the Concurrent DOS 286 1.2 or later operating system – hereafter abbreviated to just "Concurrent" per Digital Research custom – running on the Intel 80286 microprocessor and using the Intel Object-Module Format (OMF). The compiler generates code for any of the Intel 8086/88/186/188/286 family of microprocessors. […]
  33. Weiss, Jiri (1987-02-16). "DRI To Release Multiuser 80386 Operating System". InfoWorld. 9 (7): 1, 8. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
  34. Angus, Jeff (1987-09-21). "DRI Updates 2 Concurrent DOS Systems". InfoWorld.
  35. "Question about Concurrent DOS XM 5.2 and CP/M". comp.os.misc. 2001-12-08.
  36. Fisher, Sharon (1987-10-19). "Compupro's 80286-Based Multiuser Machine Features Parallel Processing". InfoWorld: 19.
  37. Ryan, Alan J. (1987-10-19). "Concurrent DOS 386 fired up". Computerworld. 21 (42): 37, 40. Archived from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
  38. "South-West Retro Computing Archive".
  39. "Digital to announce Concurrent DOS 386, Release 3.0 at COMDEX". InfoWorld. 10 (46): 29. 1988-11-14. Archived from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
  40. Schulman, Andrew; Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures – expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 (2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison Wesley. p. 203. ISBN 0-201-63287-X. (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata:
  41. Welch, Mark J. (1986-06-09). "DRI's Latestd Concurrent PC-DOS Touts More Memory". InfoWorld: 20. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  42. "Concurrent DOS – Powerful Multiuser Multitasking Operating Systems" (PDF). Digital Research. 1988. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  43. Scannell, Ed (1991-06-03). "386 Multiuser/Multitasking DOS Gets Scripting Language, File Flush". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
  44. Scannell, Ed (1991-10-07). "Concurrent revs multiuser DOS". InfoWorld: 17. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
  45. "CCI Concurrent DOS Features". Concurrent Controls, Inc. 1998. Archived from the original on 2005-02-17.
  46. "CCI CDOS V3.10 Release 1". Concurrent Controls, Inc. 2003. Archived from the original on 2005-03-13.
  47. "South-West Retro Computing Archive".
  48. Scannell, Ed; Johnston, Stuart J. (1991-03-04). "DRI Adds Multiuser Tools To DRDOS; MS DOS 5.0 Release Slips To June". InfoWorld. 13 (9): 1, 97. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
  49. CW (1991-03-22). "Digital Research präsentiert Multiuser-DOS". Computerwoche (in German). Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
  50. "Jetz Zugriff auf Novell-Netze möglich: Digital Research kommt mit der Version 5.1 von Multiuser-DOS".
  51. "CONCURRENT CONTROLS: The Multi User Company". conctrls.com. Archived from the original on 2001-06-19. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
  52. Citrix Systems, Inc. (1997-09-09). "Citrix to Acquire DataPac Australasia; Acquisition to Accelerate Citrix Presence in High-Growth Asia-Pacific Market". Business Wire. Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
  53. Duursma, Martin (2006-10-15) [2005]. Muir, Jeff (ed.). "Datapac history (Citrix R&D Australia)". Citrix Blogger. Archived from the original on 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
  54. Costello, John (1997-09-17). "DataPac sale expected to benefit channel". Australian Reseller News. Archived from the original on 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  55. Mulcaster, Glenn (2002-10-29). "Citrix leading a silicon charge". Australian Reseller News. Archived from the original on 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  56. CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP.
  57. Applica Inc. (1999-11-08). "Reflecting its continuing focus on the Applica PC-sharing software products, Concurrent Controls Inc. today announced a move to Applica Inc". PRNewswire. South San Francisco, CA, USA. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
  58. Aplycon Technologies (2002-10-15). "Letter to Applica Distributors, Dealers, Partners and Users". Archived from the original on 2002-11-22.
  59. M., R. (1996-07-31). "REAL/32 Upgrade Disk – Version 7.54 – Batch 08-96-01 – SRN0167.WP". R32UP754.ZIP. Archived from the original on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  60. "REAL/32 7.60 for MaxFrame". MaxFrame. 2001-08-20. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
  61. "REAL/32 7.74 for MaxFrame". MaxFrame. 2001-01-30. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
  62. "IMS REAL/32 7.9 Announcement". Intelligent Micro Software. 1999. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
  63. "Real/32 7.93 Enhancements and Bug fixes". Intelligent Micro Software. 2002-11-22. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  64. "Real/32 7.94 Enhancements and Bug fixes". Intelligent Micro Software. 2003-01-31. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  65. "IMS PRICE LIST – AUTUMN 2010". Integrated Solutions. August 2010. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17. (NB. Lists REAL/32 7.95.)
  66. "REAL/32 products discontinued". Logan Industries, Inc. (LLI). 2002-04-22. Archived from the original on 2003-04-23.
  67. "REAL/32 under new ownership". Logan Industries, Inc. (LLI). 2002-05-22 [2002-05-02]. Archived from the original on 2002-12-03.
  68. "IMS acquired by ITERA". Logan Industries, Inc. (LLI). 2002-05-23. Archived from the original on 2003-04-23.
  69. ITERA LIMITED, UK Companies List
  70. "Itera Limited". NEXOK. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  71. REAL/NG main page (2001) ().
  72. Key features of REAL/NG (2003) (from realng.com 2003).
  73. Probably latest REAL/NG (realng.com 2003).
  74. REAL/NG disappearing from realng.com (realng.com 2005).
  75. US patent 5355501, Gross, Roger Alan & Constant, John P., "Idle Detection System", issued 1994-10-11

Further reading
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.