Trithemis
Trithemis is a genus of dragonflies in the family Libellulidae. They are commonly known as dropwings. There are over 40 species, mainly from Africa; two are endemic to Madagascar, and five can be found in Asia.[1] They are found in a wide variety of habitats; some species being adapted to permanent streams in forests, and others being capable of breeding in temporary pools in deserts.[2]
| Trithemis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Trithemis annulata | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Libellulidae |
| Subfamily: | Trithemistinae |
| Genus: | Trithemis Brauer, 1868 |
Species
The genus contains the following species:[3]
| Male | Female | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Trithemis aconita Lieftinck, 1969 | monkshood dropwing,[4] halfshade dropwing[1] | Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi | |
| Trithemis aenea Pinhey, 1961 | bronze dropwing[1] | Western and Central Africa. | ||
| Trithemis aequalis Lieftinck, 1969 | swamp dropwing[1] | Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia. | ||
| Trithemis africana (Brauer, 1867) | western phantom dropwing[5] | Western and Central Africa, in Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. | ||
| .jpg.webp) | Trithemis annulata (Palisot de Beauvois, 1807) | violet dropwing,[4][6] violet-marked darter[7] | Africa, in the Middle East, in the Arabian Peninsula and southern Europe. |
| Trithemis anomala Pinhey, 1955 | striped dropwing[1] | Zambia | ||
 |  | Trithemis arteriosa (Burmeister, 1839) | red-veined dropwing[4] | Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mayotte, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia,Zimbabwe, Crete, Cyprus, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestinian Territory, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. |
 |  | Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839) | crimson marsh glider[8] | Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. |
| Trithemis basitincta Ris, 1912 | Angola, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone | |||
| Trithemis bifida Pinhey, 1970 | shadow dropwing[1] | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Tanzania. | ||
| Trithemis bredoi Fraser, 1953 | river dropwing[1] | Gondokoro, Sudan | ||
| Trithemis brydeni Pinhey, 1970 | percher-like dropwing[1] | Botswana and Zambia. | ||
| Trithemis congolica Pinhey, 1970 | Congo dropwing[1] | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon | ||
 | Trithemis dejouxi Pinhey, 1978 | stonewash dropwing[1] | Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Republic of Guinea | |
| Trithemis dichroa Karsch, 1893 | small dropwing,[9] black dropwing[1] | Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. | ||
 | Trithemis donaldsoni (Calvert, 1899) | denim dropwing[4] | Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of South Africa, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe | |
 |  | Trithemis dorsalis (Rambur, 1842) | round-hook dropwing,[4] highland dropwing[1] | Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Malawi |
| Trithemis ellenbeckii Förster, 1906 | Ethiopian dropwing[1] | Ethiopia. | ||
 |  | Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842) | indigo dropwing,[6] black stream glider[8] | Greece, Cyprus and Turkey, throughout Asia to New Guinea |
| Trithemis fumosa Pinhey, 1962 | Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon | |||
 |  | Trithemis furva Karsch, 1899 | navy dropwing[4] | Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| Trithemis grouti Pinhey, 1961 | black dropwing,[10] dark dropwing[1] | Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia. | ||
| Trithemis hartwigi Pinhey, 1970 | superb dropwing[1] | Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. | ||
| Trithemis hecate Ris, 1912 | silhouette dropwing,[4] hecate dropwing[11] | Botswana, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi. | ||
| Trithemis hinnula Dijkstra, Mézière & Kipping, 2015 | mule dropwing[12] | Gabon | ||
| Trithemis imitata Pinhey, 1961 | copycat dropwing[1] | Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. | ||
| Trithemis integra Dijkstra, 2007 | Albertine dropwing[1] | Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Uganda | ||
| Trithemis kalula Kirby, 1900 | pretty dropwing[1] | Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinee-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Republic of Guinea, Sierra Leone | ||
 | _-_Flickr_-_gailhampshire_(1).jpg.webp) | Trithemis kirbyi Selys, 1891 | orange-winged dropwing,[6] Kirby's dropwing[4] | Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinee-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| Trithemis legrandi Dijkstra, Mézière & Kipping, 2015[12] | robust dropwing[12] | Cameroon, Gabon | ||
| Trithemis lilacina Förster, 1899 | Indonesia | |||
| Trithemis longistyla (Fraser, 1953) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | |||
 | Trithemis monardi Ris, 1931 | Monard's dropwing,[13] fluttering dropwing[1] | Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. | |
| Trithemis morrisoni Damm & Hadrys, 2009 | rapids dropwing[1] | Namibia, Zambia | ||
| Trithemis nigra Longfield, 1936 | São Tomé and Príncipe | |||
| Trithemis nuptialis Karsch, 1894 | hairy-legged dropwing[14] | Angola, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia | ||
| Trithemis osvaldae d'Andrea & Carfi, 1997 | Cameroon, Gabon | |||
_male_Rajasthan.jpg.webp) |  | Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889) | long-legged marsh glider[8] | Asia |
| Trithemis palustris Damm & Hadrys, 2009 | marsh dropwing[1] | Namibia | ||
| Trithemis persephone Ris, 1912 | Madagascar | |||
 | Trithemis pluvialis Förster, 1906 | riffle-and-reed dropwing,[4] river dropwing,[15] russet dropwing[1] | Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of South Africa, Rwanda, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe | |
| Trithemis pruinata Karsch, 1899 | cobalt dropwing[1] | Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Republic of Guinea, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia | ||
_male.jpg.webp) | _female.jpg.webp) | Trithemis selika Selys, 1869 | Madagascar | |
 |  | Trithemis stictica (Burmeister, 1839) | jaunty dropwing[4] | Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
 | Trithemis werneri Ris, 1912 | elegant dropwing[4] | Angola, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi. | |
References
- Dijkstra, K.-D.B.; Clausnitzer, V. (2014). The dragonflies and damselflies of eastern Africa. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. ISBN 978-94-916-1506-1.
- Damm, S.; Dijkstra, K. D. B.; Hadrys, H. (2010). "Red drifters and dark residents: the phylogeny and ecology of a Plio-Pleistocene dragonfly radiation reflects Africa's changing environment (Odonata, Libellulidae, Trithemis)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (3): 870–882. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.006. PMID 20004729.
- Paulson, D.; Schorr, M.; Abbott, J.; Bota-Sierra, C.; Deliry, C.; Dijkstra, K.-D.; Lozano, F. (2023). "World Odonata List". OdonataCentral, University of Alabama. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- Samways, Michael J. (2008). The Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft. ISBN 978-954-642-330-6.
- Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Trithemis africana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T169243A6596888. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T169243A6596888.en.
- "Checklist, English common names". DragonflyPix.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
- Boudot, J.-P.; Clausnitzer, V.; Ferreira, S.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B.; Schneider, W.; Samraoui, B. (2016). "Trithemis annulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60052A83872427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60052A83872427.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- Subramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India (PDF).
- Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). "Trithemis dichroa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60055A86125978. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60055A86125978.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). "Trithemis grouti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60059A86128396. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60059A86128396.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). "Trithemis hecate". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60060A86128927. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60060A86128927.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Kipping, Jens; Mézière, Nicolas (2015). "Sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa (Odonata)" (PDF). Odonatologica. 44 (4): 447–678. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Trithemis monardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T60063A12216622. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T60063A12216622.en.
- Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). "Trithemis nuptialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60064A86136750. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60064A86136750.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F. (2016). "Trithemis pluvialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60065A86140049. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60065A86140049.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
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