Pholiotina rugosa

Pholiotina rugosa is a common mushroom which is widely distributed and especially common in the Pacific Northwest. It grows in woodchips, flowerbeds and compost.[4][5] It has been found in Europe, Asia and North America.[4][5] It contains the same mycotoxins as the death cap. It is more commonly known as Conocybe filaris as this is the name it is likely to appear under in field guides. However, Conocybe filaris is a junior synonym of Pholiotina rugosa.[5] Pholiotina rugosa has also been placed in the genus Conocybe, but its morphology and a 2013 molecular phylogenetics study place it in the genus Pholiotina.[6] Pholiotina fimicola, which grows on dung and rich soil in North America, is a possible synonym.[4] Pholiotina arrhenii has also been considered a possible synonym, but a molecular phylogenetics study found it to be a distinct species.[5][6]

Pholiotina rugosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Bolbitiaceae
Genus: Pholiotina
Species:
P. rugosa
Binomial name
Pholiotina rugosa
(Peck) Singer (1946)
Synonyms[1][2][3][4][5]
  • Pholiota rugosa Peck (1898)
  • Pholiotina filaris var. rugosa (Peck) Singer (1950)
  • Conocybe rugosa (Peck) Watling (1981)
  • Agaricus togularius var. filarisFr. (1884)
  • Agaricus togularis var. filaris Fr. (1884)
  • Pholiotina filaris (Fr.) Peck (1908)
  • Pholiota togularis var. filaris (Fr.) J.E.Lange (1921)
  • Pholiota filaris (Fr.) Singer (1936)
  • Conocybe filaris (Fr.) Kühner (1935)
  • Galera vestita var. pusilla Quél. (1886)
  • Conocybe pusilla (Quél.) Romagn. (1937)
Pholiotina rugosa
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is conical or flat
Hymenium is adnexed
Stipe has a ring
Spore print is brown to reddish-brown
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is deadly

Description

Pholiotina rugosa has a cap which is conical, expanding to flat, usually with an umbo. It is less than 3 cm across, has a smooth brown top, and the margin is often striate. The gills are rusty brown, close, and adnexed. The stalk is 2 mm thick and 1 to 6 cm long, smooth, and brown, with a prominent and movable ring. The spores are rusty brown, and it may be difficult to identify the species without a microscope.[7]

Toxicity

This species is deadly poisonous.[8] They produce alpha-amanitin, a cyclic peptide that is highly toxic to the liver and is responsible for many deaths by poisoning from mushrooms in the genera Amanita and Lepiota. They are sometimes mistaken for Psilocybe due to their similar looking cap.

See also

References
  1. "Pholiotina filaris (Fr.) Singer (1936)". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
  2. "Pholiotina rugosa (Peck) Singer (1946)". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
  3. "Conocybe pusilla (Quél.) Romagn. (1937)". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
  4. Hausknecht A, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Voglmayr H (2004). "Type studies in North American species of Bolbitiaceae belonging to the genera Conocybe and Pholiotina". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde. 13: 153–235.
  5. Hausknecht, Anton; Kalamees, Kuulo; Knudsen, Henning; Mukhin, Viktor (2009). "The genera Conocybe and Pholiotina (Agaricomycotina, Bolbitiaceae) in temperate Asia" (PDF). Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 1345: 23–47.
  6. Tóth, Annamária; Hausknecht, Anton; Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard; Papp, Tamás; Vágvölgyi, Csaba Vágvölgyi; Nagy, László G. (2013). "Iteratively Refined Guide Trees Help Improving Alignment and Phylogenetic Inference in the Mushroom Family Bolbitiaceae". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56143. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856143T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056143. PMC 3572013. PMID 23418526.
  7. Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  8. Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
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