Constantin Shapiro

Constantin Shapiro was born to a religious Jewish family in Grodno, where he received a traditional yeshiva education. Among his teachers was the Hebrew writer Menahem Manus Bendetsohn.[3] He began writing secular poetry in his youth, much to the consternation of his father, who used all means to prevent him from following the path of the Haskalah.[4] His parents married him off at the age of 15, but the marriage was shortly annulled.[5] He eventually left his hometown for Białystok and Vienna, and from there to St. Petersburg in 1868 to enter the Academy of Art, which he left after a short time to learn photography.

Shapiro fell gravely ill with typhus, at which time he found out that his Russian girlfriend was pregnant. Fearing his imminent passing, he married her and was baptised so that she and her baby would not be tainted.[6] Shapiro's deep sense of guilt for converting to Christianity would later feature prominently in his writing.[7]

Shapiro became the personal photographer of many prominent Russian officials, including members of the royal family.[8] He was a close friend of Fyodor Dostoevsky, and also photographed Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, and other leading Russian writers.[9][10] Shapiro recorded performances by Vasilii Andreev-Burlak for a photo series devoted to Nikolai Gogol's short story Diary of a Madman, published as an album in 1883.[11] An early attempt to capture a performance sequence, each photograph corresponded to a moment in the context of the monologue.[12]

Shapiro's exhibitions at the All-Russia Exhibitions of 1870 and 1882 were met with great approbation, and in 1880 his work appeared in the St. Petersburg Portrait Gallery of Russian Writers, Scientists and Actors.[13] He was awarded a silver medal by Emperor Alexander II in 1883.[14]

In the 1870s, Shapiro began holding a regular literary salon at his home and writing poetry for the Hebrew papers and magazines. His first published poem, "Me-Ḥezyonot Bat 'Ammi" ('From the Visions of the Daughter of My People', 1884–1898), at once gained for him a place in the foremost rank of Hebrew poets. His poem "David Melekh Yisrael Ḥay ve-Kayam" ('David, King of Israel Still Lives,' 1884) is considered the first Hebrew poem to present popular traditions in a folk ballad form.[15] This type of poem was subsequently taken up by David Frischmann, Jacob Kahan, and David Shimoni.[16]

Following the 1881–82 pogroms across the Russian Empire, Shapiro became an avowed Zionist and dreamed of going to Eretz Israel. Shapiro's anthology Mi-Shire Yeshurun ('From the Songs of Jeshurun', collected in 1911) contains his most famous poem, "Beshadmot Beit-Leḥem" ('In the Fields of Bethlehem'), in which Rachel grieves for her sons as she walks up from her grave toward a silent Jordan River.[6] It contains a section in which Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and his sons, led by Rachel, all rise from their graves and urge God to end the exile. The poem, set to music by Hanina Karchevsky, became a popular anthem of labour Zionism and the basis for a well-known Israeli folk dance.[17]

Other poems of Shapiro include "Amarti Yesh Li Tikvah," a translation of Friedrich Schiller's "Resignation", and "Sodom", an allegorical description of the Dreyfus affair. He also published "Turgenev ve-Sippuro Ha-Yehudi", a critical essay on Ivan Turgenev's story The Jew, in Ha-Melitz (1883).[8]

Shapiro died in 1900 in St. Petersburg, leaving several tens of thousands of rubles to the Odessa Committee, which supported Jewish settlements in Palestine of the First Aliyah.[6] His poetry was collected in one volume and published posthumously in 1911 by Ya'akov Fichmann under the title Shirim Nivḥarim.[18]