Portuguese escudo

The Portuguese escudo was the currency of Portugal from 22 May 1911 until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 2002. The escudo was subdivided into 100 centavos. The word escudo derives from the scutum shield.

Portuguese escudo
Escudo português (Portuguese)
1 escudo (1993), obverse
ISO 4217
CodePTE
Unit
UnitEscudo
Pluralescudos
Symbol ($ is used when double-barred cifrão is not available)
Denominations
Subunit
1100centavo
Plural
centavocentavos
Banknotes
Freq. used500Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 1,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 2,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 5,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 10,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (2001)
Coins
Freq. used1Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 5Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 10Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 20Dollar sign with two vertical lines, 50Dollar sign with two vertical lines, 100Dollar sign with two vertical lines, 200Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (2001)
Demographics
User(s)None, previously:
 Portugal
Issuance
Central bankBanco de Portugal
Websitewww.bportugal.pt
MintImprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda
Websitewww.incm.pt
Valuation
Inflation2.8% (2000)
Sourceworldpress.org
EU Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Since19 June 1989
Fixed rate since31 December 1998
Replaced by euro, non cash1 January 1999
Replaced by euro, cash1 January 2002
1  =200Dollar sign with two vertical lines482
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

Amounts in escudos were written as escudos Dollar sign with two vertical lines centavos with the cifrão as the decimal separator (for example: 25Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 means 25.00Dollar sign with two vertical lines, 100Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 means 100.50Dollar sign with two vertical lines). Because of the conversion rate of 1,000 réis = 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines, three decimal places were initially used (1Dollar sign with two vertical lines = 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines000).

History

The currency replaced by the escudo in 1911 was denominated in Portuguese reals (plural: réis) and milréis worth 1,000 réis. The milréis was equivalent to 2.0539 grams fine gold from 1688 to 1800, and 1.62585 g from 1854 to 1891. Gold escudos worth 1.6 milréis (or 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines600; not to be confused with the 20th-century currency) were issued from 1722 to 1800 in denominations of 12, 1, 2, 4 and 8 escudos.

The escudo (gold) was again introduced on 22 May 1911, after the 1910 Republican revolution, to replace the real at the rate of 1,000 réis to 1 escudo. The term mil réis (thousand réis) remained a colloquial synonym of escudo up to the 1990s. One million réis was called one conto de réis, or simply one conto. This expression passed on to the escudo, meaning 1,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines.

The escudo's value was initially set at 675Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 = 1 kg of gold. After 1914, the value of the escudo fell, being fixed in 1928 at 108Dollar sign with two vertical lines25 to £1 sterling. This was altered to 110Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 to £1 stg in 1931. A new rate of 27Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 escudos to the U.S. dollar was established in 1940, changing to 25Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 in 1940 and 28Dollar sign with two vertical lines75 in 1949.

During World War II, escudos were heavily sought after by Nazi Germany, through Swiss banks, as foreign currency to make purchases to Portugal and other neutral nations.[1]

Inflation throughout the 20th century made centavos essentially worthless by its end, with fractional value coins with values such as 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 and 2Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 eventually withdrawn from circulation in the 1990s. With the entry of Portugal in the Eurozone, the conversion rate to the euro was set at 200Dollar sign with two vertical lines482 to €1.[2]

Territorial usage

The escudo was used in the Portuguese mainland, the Azores and Madeira, with no distinction of coins or banknotes. In Portugal's African colonies, the escudo was generally used up to independence, in the form of Banco Nacional Ultramarino and Banco de Angola banknotes (rather than those of the Bank of Portugal used in Portugal proper), with Portuguese and in some cases local coins circulating alongside:

Of the above, only Cape Verde continues to use the escudo.

In Macau, the currency during the colonial period was, as it is today, the Macanese pataca.

Timor-Leste adopted the Portuguese Timorese escudo whilst still a Portuguese colony, having earlier used the Portuguese Timor pataca.

Portuguese India adopted the Portuguese Indian escudo for a brief time between 1958 and 1961 before Goa became a part of India; prior to that, it used the Portuguese Indian rupia.

Coins

Portuguese 8 gold escudos (1729)
Portuguese 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines04, 1917
0Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 of 1926

The mintage period for the various denominations of the gold escudo (worth 1.6 milréis or 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines600) introduced in 1722 was different: 12 escudo through 1821,[3] 2 escudos through 1789,[4] and 4 escudos through 1799.[5] The eight-escudo coin was only struck between 1722 and 1730.[6]

Between 1912 and 1916, silver 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines10, 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines20 and 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 and 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 coins were issued. Bronze 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines01 and 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines02 and cupro-nickel 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines04 coins were issued between 1917 and 1922.

In 1920, bronze 5 centavos and cupro-nickel 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines10 and 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines20 coins were introduced, followed, in 1924, by bronze 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines10 and 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines20 and aluminium-bronze 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 and 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines coins. Aluminium bronze was replaced with cupro-nickel in 1927.

In 1932, silver coins were introduced for 2Dollar sign with two vertical lines50, 5Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 and 10Dollar sign with two vertical lines00. The 2Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 and 5Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 were minted until 1951, with the 10Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 minted until 1955 with a reduced silver content. In 1963, cupro-nickel 2Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 and 5Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 were introduced, followed by aluminium 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines10, bronze 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines20 and 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 and 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines in 1969. Cupro-nickel 10Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 and 25Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 were introduced in 1971 and 1977, respectively. In 1986, a new coinage was introduced which circulated until replacement by the euro. It consisted of nickel-brass 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 5Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 and 10Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, cupro-nickel 20Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 and 50Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, with bimetallic 100Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 and 200Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 introduced in 1989 and 1991.

Coins in circulation at the time of the changeover to the euro were:

  • 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (0.50 cent)
  • 5Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (2.49 cents)
  • 10Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (4.99 cents)
  • 20Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (9.98 cents)
  • 50Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (24.94 cents)
  • 100Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (49.88 cents)
  • 200Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (99.76 cents)

Coins ceased to be exchangeable for euros on December 31, 2002.

Coins of the Portuguese escudo
ImageValueEquivalent in eurosDiameterWeightThicknessMaterialObverseReverseDates of issue
1Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 0.50 cent 16  mm 1.69 g 1.2 mm Nickel-brass Coat of arms of Portugal and knot Stained glass window pattern 1986-2001
5Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 2.49 cents 21.1  mm 5.25 g 2 mm
10Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 4.99 cents 23.5  mm 7.5 g 2.3 mm
20Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 9.98 cents 26.5  mm 6.9 g 1.64 mm Copper-nickel Coat of arms of Portugal Nautical compass and the cross of the Order of Christ
50Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 24.94 cents 31  mm 9.41 g 1.65 mm Stylized ship and four fishes below
100Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 49.88 cents 25.5  mm 8.3 g 2.5 mm Bi-metallic coin (Aluminium-bronze center plug with a Copper-nickel outer ring) Pedro Nunes; text "EUROPA" 1989-2001
200Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 99.76 cents 28  mm 9.8 g 2.2 mm Bi-metallic coin (Copper-nickel center plug with an Aluminium-bronze outer ring) Garcia de Orta 1991-2001

Another name for the 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 coin was coroa (crown). Long after the 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 coins disappeared, people still called the 2Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 coins cinco coroas ("five crowns").

Also, people still referred to escudos at the time of the changeover in multiples of the older currency real (plural réis). Many people called the 2Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 coins dois e quinhentos (two and five-hundreds), referring to the correspondence 2Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 = 2500 réis. Tostão (plural tostões) is yet another multiple of real, with 1 tostão = 100 réis.

Banknotes

Counterfeit 500Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 note (upper) and a genuine banknote (lower) of Banco de Portugal. Both carry the same serial number of 1K 02201, 1922. On display at the British Museum in London

The Casa da Moeda issued notes for 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines05, 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines10 and 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines20 between 1917 and 1925 whilst, between 1913 and 1922, the Banco de Portugal introduced notes for 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines50, 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 2Dollar sign with two vertical lines50, 5Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 10Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 20Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 50Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 100Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 500Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 and 1,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00. 0Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 and 1Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 notes ceased production in 1920, followed by 2Dollar sign with two vertical lines50, 5Dollar sign with two vertical lines and 10Dollar sign with two vertical lines in 1925 and 1926. 5,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines notes were introduced in 1942.

The last 20Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 and 50Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 notes were printed dated 1978 and 1980, respectively, with 100Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 notes being replaced by coins in 1989, the same year that the 10,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 note was introduced.

Banknotes in circulation at the time of the changeover to the euro were:

  • 500Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (€2.49)
  • 1,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (€4.99)
  • 2,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (€9.98)
  • 5,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (€24.94)
  • 10,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 (€49.88)

The last series of escudo banknotes could be returned to the central bank Banco de Portugal and converted to euros until 28 February 2022.

Escudo banknotes celebrated notable figures from the history of Portugal. The final banknote series featured the Age of Discovery, with João de Barros, Pedro Álvares Cabral, Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, and Henry the Navigator.

The last 100Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 banknote depicted Fernando Pessoa, the famous Portuguese writer and poet.

Banknotes of the Portuguese escudo (1995–2000 "Portuguese seafarers & explorers" Issue)
ImageValueEquivalent in Euros (€)Main colorObverseReverseWatermark
500Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 €2.49 Olive and Violet João de Barros Allegory of the Age of Discovery João de Barros
1,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 €4.99 Brown and Purple Pedro Álvares Cabral Sailing ship, animals of Brazil Pedro Álvares Cabral
2,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 €9.98 Blue and deep blue-green Bartolomeu Dias; Cruzado coin of Dom João II Sailing ship, compass card, map Bartolomeu Dias
5,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 €24.94 Green and brown-violet Vasco da Gama Sailing ship, Vasco da Gama with authorities in Calicut Vasco de Gama
10,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 €49.88 Red and dark brown Henry the Navigator (Infante Dom Henrique) Sailing ship Henry the Navigator (Infante Dom Henrique)

Colloquial expressions

Conto was the unofficial multiple of the escudo: 1 conto meant 1,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00, 2 contos meant 2,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00 and so on. The original expression was conto de réis, which means 'one count of réis' and referred to one million réis. Since the escudo was worth 1,000 réis (the older currency), therefore one conto was the same as a thousand escudos. The expression remained in usage after the advent of the euro, albeit less often, meaning €5, roughly worth 1,000Dollar sign with two vertical lines00.

Occasionally paus, literally meaning 'sticks', was also used to refer to the escudo ("Tens mil paus?" – 'Do you have 1,000 escudos/sticks?'). During the move from escudos to euros the Portuguese had a joke saying that they had lost three currencies: the escudo, the conto, and the pau.

See also

References

  1. Hayes, Peter (1 April 2015). How Was It Possible?: A Holocaust Reader. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803274914. Retrieved 8 April 2018 via Google Books.
  2. "Use of the euro". European Central Bank. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  3. Cuhaj 2009, p. 1147.
  4. Cuhaj 2013, p. 1253.
  5. Cuhaj 2013, p. 1254.
  6. Cuhaj 2013, pp. 1254–55.

Sources

  1. ^ 1999 by law, 2002 de facto.
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