Initialization (programming)

In C/C99/C++, an initializer is an optional part of a declarator. It consists of the '=' character followed by an expression or a comma-separated list of expressions placed in curly brackets (braces). The latter list is sometimes called the "initializer list" or "initialization list" (although the term "initializer list" is formally reserved for initialization of class/struct members in C++; see below). A declaration which creates a data object, instead of merely describing its existence, is commonly called a definition.

Many find it convenient to draw a distinction between the terms "declaration" and "definition", as in the commonly seen phrase "the distinction between a declaration and definition...", implying that a declaration merely designates a data object (or function). In fact, according to the C++ standard, a definition is a declaration. Still, the usage "declarations and definitions", although formally incorrect, is common.[1] Although all definitions are declarations, not all declarations are definitions.

C examples:

int i = 0;
int k[4] = {0, 1};
char tx[3] = 'a';
char ty[2] = 'f';
struct Point {int x; int y;} p = { .y = 13, .x = 7 };

C++ examples:

int i2(0);
int j[2] = {rand(), k[0]};
MyClass* xox = new MyClass(0, "zaza");
point q = {0, i + 1};

In C++, a constructor of a class/struct can have an initializer list within the definition but prior to the constructor body. It is important to note that when you use an initialization list, the values are not assigned to the variable. They are initialized. In the below example, 0 is initialized into re and im. Example:

struct IntComplex {
  IntComplex() : re(0), im(0) {}

  int re;
  int im;
};

Here, the construct  : re(0), im(0) is the initializer list.

Sometimes the term "initializer list" is also used to refer to the list of expressions in the array or struct initializer.

C++11 provides for a more powerful concept of initializer lists, by means of a template, called std::initializer_list.

Data initialization may occur without explicit syntax in a program to do so. For example, if static variables are declared without an initializer, then those of primitive data types are initialized with the value of zero of the corresponding type, while static objects of class type are initialized with their default constructors.