Cornelius Shea

Cornelius P. Shea (September 7, 1872 – January 12, 1929) was an American labor leader and organized crime figure. He was the founding president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, holding the position from 1903 until 1907. He became involved with the Chicago Outfit, and although he was indicted many times, he usually escaped conviction. After a short prison term for attempted murder removed him from union affairs, Shea was appointed secretary-treasurer of the Mafia-dominated Theatrical Janitors' Union in Chicago.

Cornelius Shea
Born(1872-09-17)September 17, 1872
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedJanuary 12, 1929(1929-01-12) (aged 56)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
OccupationUnion leader
SpouseMary "Minnie" Shea (nee Lyons)
ChildrenMargaret and Genevieve (three sons did not survive infancy)
Parent(s)James and Mary Shea

Early life

Cornelius Shea[1] was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on September 27, 1872, to James and Mary Shea, Irish immigrants. His father owned his own tipcart and collected garbage for a living. Shea attended public elementary school, then dropped out after the sixth grade to work for his father.[2][3]

Little is known about Shea's life between 1884 and 1894. But at the age of 22, Shea married 19-year-old Mary "Minnie" Lyons, the daughter of Irish immigrants Patrick and Margaret (Reagan) Lyons. The Sheas married in Cambridge on May 27, 1895. The couple had five children. The three sons did not survive infancy, but the two daughters (Margaret and Genevieve) did.[4]

Early Teamsters career

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) had helped form local unions of teamsters since 1887. In November 1898, the AFL organized the Team Drivers' International Union (TDIU).[5] In 1900, Shea helped organize TDIU Local 191 in Boston.[3] He was elected the local's business agent in 1901, and president of the newly organized Boston Team Drivers' Joint Council in 1902.[2][6][7][8] He was also elected a delegate to the Boston Central Labor Council and the local building trades alliance.[8]

In 1901, a group of Teamsters in Chicago, Illinois, broke from the TDIU and formed the Teamsters National Union.[5] The new union permitted only employees, teamster helpers, and owner-operators owning only a single team to join, unlike the TDIU (which permitted large employers to be members), and was very aggressive in advocating higher wages and shorter hours.[5] Claiming more than 28,000 members in 47 locals, its president, Albert Young, applied for membership in the AFL. The AFL asked the TDIU to merge with Young's union to form a new, AFL-affiliated union. The two groups did so in 1903, creating the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT). Shea was elected the new union's first president.[5][6]

Shea's election as the first Teamster president was a tumultuous one. Shea effectively controlled the convention because the Chicago locals—representing nearly half the IBT's membership[9]—were united in their support for his candidacy. Shea was opposed by John Sheridan, president of the Ice Drivers' Union of Chicago. Sheridan and George Innes, president of the TDIU, accused Shea of embezzlement in an attempt to prevent his election.[10] Despite surprisingly little lack of support from the Boston locals, Shea won election on August 8, 1903, by a vote of 605 to 480. Edward L. Turley of Chicago was elected secretary-treasurer and Albert Young general organizer.[7][8]

In 1903, Shea moved his family to Indianapolis, Indiana, where the Teamsters had their headquarters. But daughter Margaret fell ill in Indianapolis, and Mary Shea moved the family to Charlestown, Massachusetts, while Cornelius Shea stayed in Indiana.[2]

Teamsters presidency: 1903

Shea was confronted by a crisis within the union in late 1903, a crisis which centered on the union's membership based in Chicago.

In 1903, Chicago was one of the most unionized cities in the world. Nearly 243,000 Chicagoans belonged to unions, about a quarter of the workforce. One-third of these worked in a single industry (meatpacking). The Teamsters were vitally important to the Chicago labor movement, for a sympathy strike by the Teamsters could paralyze the movement of goods throughout the city and bring a strike into nearly every neighborhood.[9]

But Shea was not an advocate of sympathy strikes, not even when they meant one unit of Teamsters would be supporting another unit of Teamsters. In November 1903, Teamsters employed by the Chicago City Railway went out on strike. Shea attempted to stop sympathy strikes by other Teamster locals in the city but failed.[11] However, three Teamster locals in the city—the truck, ice wagon, and coal wagon drivers, which together represented about half the Teamster membership in Chicago—refused to violate their contracts and walk off the job. The three locals went even further, and disaffiliated from the Teamsters Joint Council of Chicago. Furious, Shea called them "cowards and traitors". His outburst only angered his opponents in the union. In mid-December, Shea was confronted in his office by Teamster leader who shot at him four times and forced him to dance a jig before fleeing.[12]

Teamsters presidency: 1904

1904 also proved to be a troublesome year for Shea.

On July 12, 1904, 18,000 members of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters working in the meatpacking industry in Chicago walked off the job to win higher wages.[13] The contract for the packinghouse drivers belonging to the Teamsters union had expired on June 1, 1904, and the ongoing strike by the butcher workmen led the drivers to fear for their own contract talks. On July 25, 1904, the packinghouse drivers asked the international Teamsters union to sanction a strike. On July 26, Shea agreed to let them walk out the next day, declaring that the walkout was not a sympathy strike but "It is, therefore, to protect ourselves" and prevent the packers from breaking the union.[14] The meatpackers, however, brought in several thousand African American strikebreakers.[13] With meatpacking plants operating at about 40 percent of capacity, the strike began to falter. On August 8, Shea ordered the ice wagon and market drivers to strike in support of the butcher workmen. The hope was that, with no refrigeration and delivery slowed, the meat would spoil and the packers would be forced to come to the bargaining table.[15] On the afternoon of August 9, riots occurred throughout the afternoon and evening in Chicago, and a number of strikers and strikebreakers were assaulted or wounded by gunfire.[16]

As the strike collapsed, Shea rushed to Chicago from Indianapolis. He ordered the ice wagon drivers back to work on August 10, and announced that Teamster drivers would deliver any meat butchered prior to the strike. Large amounts of meat began to move through the city on August 13.[17] On August 18, 4,000 strikers and their supporters rioted for two hours outside the Chicago stockyards, causing numerous injuries.[18] Some local Teamster leaders tried to lead the ice and market wagon drivers back out on strike, but Shea denounced them and successfully appealed to the drivers to stay on the job.[18] To keep union members in line, however, Shea reiterated his pledge that no meat butchered after the start of the strike would be hauled. Meat wagons, which had started rolling through the city again two weeks earlier, now remained in the barns.[19] Despite this, the strike collapsed on September 6, 1904, when the Amalgamated Meat Cutters went back to work without a contract.[13]

In the midst of the strife in Chicago, Cornelius Shea was re-elected by acclamation on August 8, 1904, at the Teamsters convention in Cincinnati, Ohio.[2][15] Under his leadership, the union had expanded to 821 locals in 300 cities, and the union's membership stood near 50,000 members (making it one of the largest unions in the United States).[20]

Teamsters presidency: 1905

Chicago Teamsters' strike
Main article: 1905 Chicago Teamsters' strike

On December 15, 1904, 19 clothing cutters at Montgomery Ward went on strike to protest the company's use of nonunion subcontractors. Montgomery Ward vice president Robert J. Thorne locked the remaining workers out. Sympathy strikes by tailors' and other unions quickly broke out. By April, 5,000 workers were on the picket line in front of the 26 local companies represented by the National Tailors' Association (an employer group).[21][22] The Teamsters engaged in a sympathy strike on April 6, 1905, adding another 10,000 members to the picket lines.[20][21][22][23]

The Employers' Association of Chicago (EA), an anti-union group, mustered its substantial resources to break the Teamsters' strike. The EA collected $250,000 (about $6.2 million in 2007 dollars) from its members to hire strikebreakers. The EA also raised $1 million (about $25 million in 2007 dollars) to establish the Employers' Teaming Association—a new company which, within a matter of weeks, bought out a large number of team owners and imported hundreds of African American strikebreakers from St. Louis to work as teamsters. Mark Morton, president of Morton Salt and an EA member, convinced the railroads to pressure the remaining team owners to lock out their Teamster members as well.[20][21][22][23]

On April 16, anonymous charges of graft against Shea and other strike leaders were filed with office of Mayor Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne (who had been inaugurated only days earlier). Shea and the executive board of the Chicago Federation of Labor dismissed the allegations out of hand.[24]

Another 25,000 Teamsters walked off the job in a sympathy strike on April 25, 1905, paralyzing grocery stores, warehouses, railway shippers, department stores and coal companies. The EA and its members then sued nearly every union involved in the strike. Local and state courts issued numerous injunctions against the unions, ordering them to stop picketing and return to work.[20][21][22][23]

On April 29, 12 prominent labor leaders in Chicago—including Shea; Charles Dold, president of the Chicago Federation of Labor; and 10 local Teamster presidents—were indicted by a grand jury on six counts of conspiracy to restrain trade, commit violence, and prevent citizens from obtaining work.[23][25] Shea refused to appear in court to provide pre-trial testimony regarding the April 29 indictment. When threatened with jail for contempt of court, he finally appeared but answered all questions with variations of "I don't know."[23][26]

On May 10, Dold, Shea and other strike leaders met with President Theodore Roosevelt as he passed through Chicago. Roosevelt refused to mediate an end to the strike, denounced the use of strike violence, and warned the labor leaders to settle the dispute quickly before federal military intervention was needed.[27]

As the strike continued, Shea's handling of the dispute came under fire from the executive board of the international Teamsters union. On May 27, the board removed Shea from day-to-day control of the strike and transferred that authority to itself.[28]

The strike ended not through the efforts of the EA or the unions, but due to allegations of graft made by team owner John C. Driscoll. At the time, Driscoll was secretary[29] of the Team Owners' Association, the employer group which had locked out the Teamsters after April 6. On June 2, a grand jury heard Driscoll testify that he had taken at least $10,000 in bribes from Thorne and other executives to force the unions out on strike. Driscoll also alleged that the Teamsters and other unions had demanded and received bribes to end the strike, and that Driscoll had skimmed portions of these bribes into his own pocket. $50,000 in cancelled checks were produced in court to support his claims.[20][21][23][30][31][32] Driscoll's accusations unleashed a flood of allegations and counter-allegations by other witnesses. Shea and Albert Young accused several employers of offering bribes to strike their business competitors, and submitted evidence of previous bribes which the Teamster leaders had accepted. Thorne and the other employers countered that Shea and other union leaders had asked for bribes ranging from $20,000 to $50,000 to call off the current strike.[33] On June 3, the grand jury returned bribery and conspiracy indictments against Shea and 19 other union leaders, but none against the employers.[34][35]

The evening of June 3, Thorne swore out arrest warrants for Shea on charges of criminal libel for making in-court accusations of bribery.[36][37] The arrest infuriated Shea. Late that evening, having made bail, he convened an emergency meeting of the Teamster executive board. Ensuring that primarily his supporters attended the meeting, Shea pushed through several resolutions calling for an end to the strike's peace talks, reaffirming support for the strike, and praising Shea's handling of the strike. Although negotiations for a tailors' contract were nearly complete, Shea withdrew his negotiators and repudiated the tentative agreements which had been reached.[36] Shea was arrested again on June 5, this time for failing to pay bond regarding the June 3 conspiracy indictment.[38]

After these developments, talks to end the strike began. Agreement was reached on a wide range of issues between May 24 and June 2.[23][36] But despite threats by Shea to call 8,000 truck drivers out on strike, clothing stores unaffiliated with the EA refused to break ranks and settle with the Teamsters and the strike continued.[39][40]

On June 12, Chicago newspapers revealed that Shea was living in a local brothel called the Kentucky Home, and kept a 19-year-old waitress (Alice P. Walsh) as a mistress.[41][42] The allegations of womanizing and partying during the strike further eroded public support for the picketing workers.[21] Two days later, the Teamsters' Chicago Joint Council called the strike a "dead issue" and "unimportant."[43] The following day, Shea was excoriated by the international union's executive board for his behavior, and the local strike committee was disbanded as the union sought a way to end the strike and save face at the same time.[31][44]

On July 1, Shea was indicted a third time on charges of conspiracy.[30]

Although the bribery accusations undercut both sides, public support for the unions suffered most. While nearly every union continued to support the strike publicly, nearly all of them sent their members back to work by the end of June. The Teamsters officially continued to support the strike, but various divisions of the union also went back to work in June and July. By August 1, 1905, the strike was over and the employers ended the lockout.[21][23][30][32] Nearly half the Teamsters in Chicago never regained their jobs.[20]

Re-election battle

Opposition to Shea's re-election as president of the Teamsters appeared in early June 1905. Albert Young announced that Shea had mismanaged the Chicago sympathy strike and that he would run for president at the union's convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in August.[39] Shea was supported by about half the 200 delegates from locals outside Chicago, with the remaining delegates split among two other reform candidates. Although the 325-member convention was dominated by the 125-member Chicago delegation, the Chicagoans appeared split between Young and Shea.[45]

Shea won re-election on August 12, 1905, by a vote of 129 to 121. Young never emerged as a viable candidate. Instead, Daniel Furman of Chicago ran against Shea, supported by Young and Secretary-Treasurer Edward Turley. But Furman was a stalking horse, and—in exchange for a large bribe—secretly supported Shea. Furman deserted the anti-Shea forces in the balloting, voting publicly for Shea. Furman's defection in the very election for which he was a candidate threw the election to Shea. Turley was defeated for re-election as well, and members of Shea's slate won every office on the international union executive board.[2][46][47]

An outraged Albert Young threatened to lead a majority of the Teamsters in Chicago, New York City and San Francisco out of the union to form a rival organization.[46][48]

Teamsters presidency: 1906

Re-election battle

Shea spent the fall of 1905 and the winter of 1906 solidifying his control over the Teamsters. Shea accused a number of local presidents—all of whom had opposed him in the August 1905 election—with financial malfeasance. He trusted their locals and placed his own supporters in charge of these unions.[49]

In July 1906, Albert Young, still the Teamsters' general organizer, announced he would run against Shea at the union's convention in August.[50]

The 1906 Teamster international convention opened in Chicago on August 6, 1906. Fistfights erupted among the delegates, and the Chicago police were called to quell what nearly turned into a riot. Initially, Young appeared to have enough delegates to unseat Shea. But Shea made a dramatic speech on the convention floor in which he said his defeat would ensure his conviction in his upcoming conspiracy trials and enable the union's foes to destroy the Teamsters. Shea also pledged that, if acquitted, he would resign the presidency in favor of a unity candidate.[51] In a series of test votes over procedural and policy issues, it became apparent that Shea's speech had turned the tide and he now held a better than two-to-one edge in votes. After the test votes, 50 delegates followed Young out of the convention hall on August 9 to form their own organization, the United Teamsters of America (UTA). Samuel Gompers was called to Chicago to help prevent the breach, but his mediation efforts ultimately proved unsuccessful. Shea was re-elected president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters by a vote of 157 to 14.[52]

Over the next month, the Shea and Young factions battled for control of various Teamster locals. In late August, Shea ordered all Teamster locals to hold meetings to vote on whether they wished to remain with the IBT or go with the secessionist UTA. Shea sent representatives to each local union meeting to lobby for continued affiliation. This effort was largely successful, holding disaffiliations to only about half the 30 locals in Chicago and a handful of other others scattered across the nation.[53]

Trial

Voir dire for Shea's first trial stemming from the 1905 Chicago strike began on September 13, 1906. Selection of the jury took 66 days, and 3,920 potential jurors were interviewed before a jury could be seated.[54]

After two weeks of legal maneuvers, the trial began on November 30 with a major bombshell: Albert Young had pleaded guilty to conspiracy and turned state's evidence against Cornelius Shea. The following day, Young alleged that he, Shea and three others had each received a $300 bribe from the tailors' union in order to call the April 6 sympathy strike against Montgomery Ward. Over the next few days, Young and other witnesses also testified that Shea had ordered the beating of non-union drivers and strikebreakers and personally told picketers to throw acid at horses and non-union team drivers.[55]

Shea's defense focused on his efforts to end the strike. His attorneys argued that if Shea had taken bribes to lead the Teamsters out on strike, he would not have sought to end the strike in good faith. But, they argued, Shea had very strenuously sought an end to the labor dispute several times. Shea's lawyers specifically pointed to the May 10 meeting with President Roosevelt, and Shea himself wrote to the president asking Roosevelt to write a letter to the court documenting Shea's good faith effort to end the strike. Shea's defense team also subpoenaed Mayor Dunne, seeking to have him testify to the many "peace conferences" at which Shea had tried to end the strike. Roosevelt acceded to Shea's request, and sent a transcript of the meeting to the court.[56] The plan to have Mayor Dunne testify, however, was ruled out of order by the court.[57] Shea's defense team also called the head of the tailors' union, who strenuously denied that he had ever bribed or attempted to bribe Shea.[57]

On January 19, 1907, the jury in Shea's first conspiracy trial announced it was hopelessly deadlocked. The judge ruled that the trial had ended in a hung jury.[58]

Teamsters presidency: 1907

Cornelius Shea's second conspiracy trial began on February 1, 1907. In comparison to the 119-day first trial, the second trial ended in just 19 days. Shea's defense team was so confident of acquittal that they waived final arguments before the jury. The defense team's confidence was not misplaced: The jury took just two hours to return a verdict of "not guilty." A disheartened state's attorney subsequently announced that all additional charges against Shea and his co-conspirators would be dropped.[59]

Despite Shea's legal successes, he lost control of the Teamsters union. Shea initially attempted to assert his power by replacing and blacklisting his opponents within the union as he had done before.[60] But at a closed-door meeting of the union's executive board, the board expressed its anger that Shea had not resigned as promised after the conclusion of his two trials. Subsequently, nearly all of Shea's backers withdrew their support for his presidency.[51]

At the Teamsters' international convention in Boston in August 1907, Shea lost re-election to Daniel J. Tobin, president of Local 25 in Boston and president of the Teamsters' Joint District Council.[61] The election turned on the question of whether the remaining Chicago locals and all the New York City locals would bolt the union if Shea were re-elected. By a vote of 94 to 104, the delegates believed they would, and so elected Tobin the new president of the union. Shea's supporters won only three of the seven slots on the executive board, as well as the offices of secretary-treasurer and auditor. Tobin candidates won seven of the eight other offices (which included two of the three union trustees and all AFL delegate positions). Shea announced his full support for Tobin's presidency, and left office on October 1, 1907.[3]

Post-Teamsters life

Personal problems and prison

Personal issues dominated Cornelius Shea's life in 1908 and 1909.

In June 1908, Chicago police sought to arrest Shea on charges of mail fraud, but could not locate him.[62] In July, Shea was arrested in Boston and tried for abandoning his wife and two young children. He was convicted on July 23, and sentenced to six months in prison. Although Shea appeared to have income, his wife testified that she had already sold all her belongings and that her children were near starvation.[4][63]

After his release from prison, Shea abandoned his family. In January 1909, he moved to New York City after being hired by a Teamsters local there to help run a strike. He was quickly elected the local's secretary-treasurer. Shea was arrested on April 29, 1909, in connection with a fistfight which occurred during the strike, but was released. Shea's Chicago mistress, Alice Walsh, followed him to New York and moved into his apartment. On May 21, a drunken Shea brutally slashed and stabbed Walsh 27 times in their apartment. Shea was arrested and convicted of attempted murder, and sentenced on July 23 to 5 to 25 years in Sing Sing.[63][64] Shea was released from prison in September 1914 and given two years' probation.[65]

Labor racketeering
Timothy D. Murphy, Fred Mader, John Miller, and Cornelius Shea, during their murder trial in Chicago, Illinois, in 1922. DN-0003451, Chicago Daily News negatives collection, Chicago Historical Society.

The final 15 years of Cornelius Shea's life were spent in Chicago, where he associated with gangsters, rose in the ranks of at least one gang, and engaged in labor racketeering.

In the summer of 1916, in violation of his parole, Shea left New York State and moved to Chicago. He joined Timothy D. "Big Tim" Murphy's Irish American gang, and was allegedly involved in a number of crimes. His main jobs were labor racketeering and extortion bombing, and he was well known as bomb terrorist.[66] His cover was working as a bartender at the Halsted Street Hotel. His co-employee was William Rooney, an ex-"slugger" for the Teamsters.[65] Rooney was tried in April 1917 for jury tampering, and Shea defended Rooney in court in regard to the charge (which was dismissed).[67] In May 1917, the saloon's license was revoked when Chicago officials learned that Shea actually managed the saloon and may have invested in it in violation of the terms of his parole. On May 29, Shea was arrested for complicity in a payroll robbery after the alleged thieves used his saloon as a hideout. Shea was released and not charged.[68] In June 1919, Chicago police suspected Shea of involvement in a bank robbery. While searching for Shea's automobile, the vehicle was blown up on June 4. Police did not arrest or indict Shea in connection with either event.[69] Shea later became an officer in an automobile dealership. The dealership entered involuntary bankruptcy in 1920, and investors in the company accused Shea of fraud. Once again, no arrest or conviction was made.[70] In November 1922, Chicago police alleged that Shea led an auto theft ring, but no arrest was made.[71]

In 1917, Shea re-entered the labor relations field. "Big Tim" Murphy, who controlled a number of large Chicago-area unions and was the president of the Gas Workers' Union, made Shea his chief assistant in his extortion rackets. Shea allegedly conducted a wide range of labor racketeering and labor extortion rackets on Murphy's behalf. Shea organized the "Chicago Saloon Keepers' Local 1," a union which existed only on paper, and acted as the union's business agent as a means of seeking bribes from saloonkeepers.[68] On June 10, 1918, Shea was arrested for allegedly demanding bribes from scrap and junk dealers in exchange for not calling strikes against their businesses. He was tried in February 1919, but acquitted.[72] In 1921, Shea became a staff representative with a Chicago junk dealers' union and stationary engineers' union. During a stationary engineers' strike which began in November 1920, a number of laundries and other businesses were bombed. Shea was accused of providing the explosives and setting some bombs himself, but no charges were ever brought.[73][74]

Some time between 1917 and 1921, Shea became the secretary-treasurer and business agent for the Theatrical Janitors' Union.[75] The union had been formed by mobster and labor racketeer Louis "Three Gun" Alterie.[76] Shea allegedly used his union office to extort money from theater owners in exchange for refusing to call strikes against their businesses. As "Big Tim" Murphy moved to take over the Chicago Building and Trades Alliance, a key coalition of building trade unions in the city, Shea became Murphy's chief criminal deputy on union matters.[20][21][66][77]

On May 6, 1922, Shea, Murphy, Jerry Horan, and five other labor leaders were arrested and charged with the murder of a Chicago police officer. On May 24, the state asked for nolle prosequi and the court agreed to withdraw the indictments. A new indictment was returned against Shea and the others in August (Shea was re-indicted on August 2, 1922), but this second indictment was withdrawn by the state as well.[78]

Murphy was convicted and imprisoned shortly thereafter for a daring, daylight armed robbery of a mail train. Shea, however, continued his career as an extortionist and bomber. He joined Sangerman's Bombers, a group of bomb terrorists which had emerged from the remnants of the James Sweeney gang, and did work for Al Capone's Chicago Outfit.[20][66][77][79] But Shea worked both sides of the organized crime fence, however. In 1924, he appeared at a testimonial dinner for North Side Gang leader Dean O'Banion, Capone's primary rival.[20][77]

O'Banion's murder by members of the Chicago Outfit in November 1924 sparked a major gang war in the city. Public opinion finally turned against the gangs, and the number of bombings in Chicago declined dramatically as extortionists sought more subtle means of intimidating victims. Alterie left Chicago for Colorado (and safety), leaving Shea in charge of the Theatrical Janitors' Union.[66] Unwilling to take sides in the gang war, Shea continued to work as secretary-treasurer and business agent for the union and engaged in low-level extortion for the next five years.

Death

Cornelius Shea died on January 12, 1929, at Norwegian-American Hospital in Chicago from complications following an operation to remove gallstones.[80]

Notes
  1. The press would later refuse to use his full name, calling him instead by the nickname "Con" to emphasize his alleged crimes. Many scholars and historians still do not employ his full name in books or papers.
  2. "Shea, Head of the Teamsters, Has Risen From A Tip-Cart Man," Boston Daily Globe, December 2, 1906.
  3. "Shea Beaten By 10 Votes," Boston Daily Globe, August 10, 1907.
  4. "Prison for Teamster Shea," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 24, 1908.
  5. Sloane, Hoffa, 1991.
  6. Taft, The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers, 1957.
  7. "Drivers Bolt Meeting," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1903.
  8. "Shea Chosen," Boston Daily Globe, August 9, 1903.
  9. Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925, 1987.
  10. Sheridan and Innes alleged that Shea had billed locals in Massachusetts $9.61 for services while charging the national union $19.44 for the same services. "Drivers Bolt Meeting," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1903.
  11. "Teamsters Are For War," Chicago Daily Tribune, November 23, 1903.
  12. "Teamsters Split Over Contracts," Chicago Daily Tribune, November 25, 1903; "Labor's Leader Made to Dance," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 18, 1903.
  13. Barrett, Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packing-House Workers, 1894–1922, 1990; Halpern, Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses, 1904–54, 1997.
  14. "Strike Spreads," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 27, 1904.
  15. "Strike Spreads Among Drivers," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1904.
  16. "Riots In Streets After Nightfall Involve Drivers," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1904.
  17. "Meet in Secret to End Strike," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 14, 1904.
  18. "Mob of 4,000 Men Charges Police," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 19, 1904.
  19. "Meat Supply in Drivers' Power," Chicago Daily Tribune, September 2, 1904.
  20. Fitch, Solidarity for Sale, 2006.
  21. Cohen, The Racketeer's Progress: Chicago and the Struggle for the Modern American Economy, 1900–1940, 2004.
  22. "Gigantic Strike Is In Full Swing," Chicago Daily Tribune, April 28, 1905; "Big Strike Has Small Beginning," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 20, 1905; "To Test Union Sympathy," Chicago Daily Tribune, April 6, 1905.
  23. "History of Great Teamsters' Strike Filled with Sensational Incidents," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 21, 1905.
  24. "Mayor Has Hope of Ending Strike." Chicago Daily Tribune. April 17, 1905.
  25. "Twelve Labor Heads Indicted in Chicago," New York Times, April 30, 1905.
  26. "Strike Parleys Over, Chicago Troops Ready," New York Times, May 24, 1905; "Strike Leaders Defy the Court," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 25, 1905.
  27. "Roosevelt Rebukes Leaders of Strike," New York Times, May 11, 1905; "Shea Begs Help From Roosevelt," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 11, 1906.
  28. "Shea and Strike Growing Weaker," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 28, 1905.
  29. Secretary was the title of the highest officer in the Team Owners' Association.
  30. "Chicago Strike Leads to 49 Indictments," New York Times, July 2, 1905.
  31. "Project to End Strike," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 18, 1905.
  32. "General Strike Now Threatens," Chicago Daily Tribune, April 21, 1905.
  33. "Shea Tells of Bribery," New York Times, June 2, 1905; "Tells of Bribery Behind Strike," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 2, 1905; "Strikers' Price Fixed at $50,000," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 3, 1905.
  34. "Indicts Twenty Labor Leaders," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 4, 1905.
  35. Driscoll's allegations were not unsurprising. Each side knew the other was taking bribes early in the strike. Charges of bribery were levied against the leaders of the strike as early as April 16, but were generally ignored. The unions levied their own accusations of bribery against the employers during legal hearings on May 12. See: "Mayor Has Hope of Ending Strike," Chicago Daily Tribune, April 17, 1905, and "Legal Tilt Over Strike," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 13, 1905.
  36. "Terms of Peace Wrecked by Shea," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 4, 1905.
  37. "Shea, Strike Leader, Arrested for Libel," New York Times, June 4, 1905; "Sues and Arrests Shea and Young," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 4, 1905.
  38. "Shea Under Arrest for Strike Conspiracy," New York Times, June 5, 1905; "Shea Is Locked Up For Two Hours In Cell," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 6, 1905.
  39. "Strike of 8,000 Depends on Vote," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 9, 1905.
  40. "Stores Refuse to Settle Alone," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 10, 1905.
  41. "Women Betray Labor Leaders," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 12, 1905.
  42. Witwer, Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union, 2003.
  43. "Strike Treated As 'Dead Issue'," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 14, 1905.
  44. "Shea Faces His Dismissal," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 15, 1905; "Shea, In Power, 'Seeing Things'," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 28, 1905.
  45. "Teamsters Begin Open War On Shea," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 6, 1905; "Opposing Shea," Boston Daily Globe, August 7, 1905.
  46. "Anti-Shea Crowd Charge Trickery," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 13, 1905.
  47. "Teamsters Re-Elect Shea," New York Times, August 13, 1905.
  48. "30,000 Drivers Will Secede," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 15, 1905.
  49. "In Revolt Against Shea," Chicago Daily Tribune, January 13, 1906.
  50. "Fight to Defeat Teamster Chief," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 7, 1906.
  51. "Shea's Scepter About to Fall?", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 22, 1907.
  52. "Fight Ushers In Shea Convention," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 7, 1906; "Shea Controls Convention," New York Times, August 8, 1906; "Teamsters' Union Fight Gets Worse," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1906; "Teamsters Re-Elect Shea," New York Times, August 10, 1906; "Form New Teamsters' Union," New York Times, August 11, 1906.
  53. "Union Split, Heads Broken," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 23, 1906; "Shea to Test Strength," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 25, 1906; Rigg, "The Chicago Teamsters' Unions," Journal of Political Economy, February 1926.
  54. "Shea Trial Cost Heavy," Chicago Daily Tribune, November 19, 1906.
  55. "Young Betrays Shea," New York Times, December 1, 1906; "Chicago Strike Graft Described By Young," New York Times, December 2, 1906; "Young Opens Up," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 2, 1906; "Tells of Union Slugging," New York Times, December 4, 1906; "Threw Vitriol At Teams, Says Chicago Picket," New York Times, December 6, 1906; "Tells Crimes of Wrecking Crews," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 6, 1906; "Did Labor Body Aid Shea?", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 7, 1906; "Say 'Czar' Shea Earned His Title," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 15, 1906.
  56. "Shea Asks President's Aid," New York Times, December 11, 1906; "Shea Begs Help From Roosevelt," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 11, 1906; "Roosevelt Obliges Shea," New York Times, December 18, 1906.
  57. "Balks Shea Plan For Dunne's Aid," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 29, 1906.
  58. "Jury In Deadlock In the Shea Case," Chicago Daily Tribune, January 20, 1907.
  59. "Shea Acquitted By Jury," New York Times, February 22, 1907; "'Czar' Shea Is Acquitted," Chicago Daily Tribune, February 22, 1907.
  60. "Shea Begins War of Retaliation," Chicago Daily Tribune, March 8, 1907.
  61. Ironically, Tobin was Shea's successor at the Joint District Council as he was Shea's successor at the international Teamsters union.
  62. "Lay Fraud to Cornelius Shea," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 10, 1908.
  63. "Con P. Shea Stabs A Woman," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 22, 1909.
  64. "Shea Sped to Cell By Court," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 24, 1909; "C.P. Shea, Stabber, Sent to Sing Sing," New York Times, July 24, 1909; "Shea to Serve 5 to 25 Years," Boston Daily Globe, July 24, 1909; "Dave & the Green Stuff," Time, April 8, 1957.
  65. "Rooney and Shea Deny Ownership of Saloon," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 23, 1916.
  66. Nash, World Encyclopedia of Organized Crime, 1993.
  67. "Ex-Teamster Chief Tells of Murder Juror," Chicago Daily Tribune, April 8, 1917.
  68. "Mayor Revokes License of 'Con Shea's Saloon'," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 30, 1917.
  69. "Hunt 'Con' Shea To Clear Death Auto Explosion," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 5, 1919.
  70. "'Con' Shea Surrenders to Face Fraud Charge," Chicago Daily Tribune, November 10, 1920.
  71. "'Con' Shea Heads Auto Theft Ring, Police Allege," Chicago Daily Tribune, November 21, 1922.
  72. "'Con' Shea In Law's Toils As An Extortioner," Chicago Daily Tribune,; June 11, 1918; "Business Men Testify Against Shea and Aids," Chicago Daily Tribune, February 11, 1919; "Free 'Con' Shea," Chicago Daily Tribune, February 18, 1919.
  73. "Confession of Bomber Tells of Two Gangs," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 21, 1921; "Think Prisoners Are Union Strike Bombers," New York Times, May 21, 1921.
  74. "Sordid Stain of Crime Dyes Records of Labor Chieftains," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 11, 1922.
  75. The union was also sometimes called the Theater and Building Janitors' Union.
  76. Witwer, "The Scandal of George Scalise: A Case Study in the Rise of Labor Racketeering in the 1930s," Journal of Social History, Summer 2003.
  77. Asbury, The Gangs of Chicago: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld, 2002.
  78. "200 Labor Chiefs Arrested in Chicago After Two Policemen Are Shot Dead And Industrial Plants Are Bombed," New York Times, May 11, 1922; "Labor Chiefs Seized in Effort to End Murders by Gangsters," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 11, 1922; "Rush To Indict Chicago Laborites," New York Times, May 12, 1922; "Eight Labor Chiefs Indicted In Chicago To Block Release," New York Times, May 12, 1922; "Raid Bomb Factory in Chicago's War On Labor Terror," New York Times, May 13, 1922; "Get New Evidence On Labor Bombings," New York Times, May 15, 1922; "'Big 3' of Chicago Labor To Be Tried," New York Times, June 10, 1922; "Shea, Member of 'Big 3,' And Two Others Get Bail," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 13, 1922; "'Big 3' Denied Separate Trials On Terror Plot," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 18, 1922; Kinsley, "Trial Nears Climax," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 29, 1922.
  79. Sweeney had himself been imprisoned in 1921, and what remained of Sweeney's Bombers were taken over by Joseph Sangerman.
  80. "Cornelius P. Shea, Labor Leader, Dead," New York Times, January 13, 1929; "Cornelius Shea, Teamster Czar in Strike, Dies," Chicago Daily Tribune, January 13, 1929.

References
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  • Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of Chicago: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002. ISBN 1-56025-454-8
  • "Balks Shea Plan For Dunne's Aid." Chicago Daily Tribune. December 29, 1906.
  • Barrett, James R. Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packing-House Workers, 1894–1922. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1990. ISBN 0-252-01378-6
  • "Big Strike Has Small Beginning." Chicago Daily Tribune. May 20, 1905.
  • "'Big 3' Denied Separate Trials On Terror Plot." Chicago Daily Tribune. June 18, 1922.
  • "'Big 3' of Chicago Labor To Be Tried." New York Times. June 10, 1922.
  • "Business Men Testify Against Shea and Aids." Chicago Daily Tribune. February 11, 1919.
  • "C.P. Shea, Stabber, Sent to Sing Sing." New York Times. July 24, 1909.
  • "Chicago Strike Graft Described By Young." New York Times. December 2, 1906.
  • "Chicago Strike Leads to 49 Indictments." New York Times. July 2, 1905.
  • "Clash With the Drivers." Chicago Daily Tribune. November 22, 1903.
  • Cohen, Andrew Wender. The Racketeer's Progress: Chicago and the Struggle for the Modern American Economy, 1900–1940. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-83466-X
  • "'Con' Shea Heads Auto Theft Ring, Police Allege." Chicago Daily Tribune. November 21, 1922.
  • "'Con' Shea In Law's Toils As An Extortioner." Chicago Daily Tribune.. June 11, 1918.
  • "'Con' Shea Surrenders to Face Fraud Charge." Chicago Daily Tribune. November 10, 1920.
  • "Con P. Shea Stabs A Woman." Chicago Daily Tribune. May 22, 1909.
  • "Confession of Bomber Tells of Two Gangs." Chicago Daily Tribune. May 21, 1921.
  • "Cornelius P. Shea, Labor Leader, Dead." New York Times. January 13, 1929.
  • "Cornelius Shea, Teamster Czar in Strike, Dies." Chicago Daily Tribune. January 13, 1929.
  • "'Czar' Shea Is Acquitted." Chicago Daily Tribune. February 22, 1907.
  • "Dave & the Green Stuff." Time. April 8, 1957.
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  • "Teamsters' Union Fight Gets Worse." Chicago Daily Tribune. August 10, 1906.
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