Council of Flanders

The Council of Flanders (Dutch: Raad van Vlaanderen, French: Conseil de Flandres), primarily sitting in the Gravensteen in Ghent from 1407, was a court of law operating under the authority of the Count of Flanders and exercising jurisdiction throughout the County of Flanders.

This article is about the late-medieval and early-modern tribunal. For the pro-German council during World War I, see Raad van Vlaanderen.
Not to be confused with the modern institution known as the Flemish Council or the early-modern council advising the king of Spain on policy towards his possessions in the Low Countries known as the Supreme Council of Flanders.

History

The council grew from less formalised exercises of jurisdiction by the count of Flanders and his advisers, with no clear date of origin.[1] Philip the Bold attempted to found a permanent court with codified rules and jurisdiction at Lille, at the same time as establishing the Lille Chamber of Accounts to audit government expenditure. However, the cities Ghent, Bruges and Ypres, and the Franc of Bruges, refused to recognise the council as having appellate jurisdiction over their own magistrates.[2]: 10  In 1407 the council was relocated to Ghent, and on 17 August 1409 Duke John the Fearless issued the council's statutes in 44 articles.[2]: 13  Article 26 specified that in closed hearings the council was to use French, and in open hearings the choice of language was to be left to the parties.[2]: 14 

During the 15th century when the city of Ghent was at odds with the Duke of Burgundy, the council often sat elsewhere – at various times in Kortrijk, Dendermonde, Ypres or Bruges.[2]: 15–17  It was finally re-established to Ghent in 1498.[3] The counts of Flanders had recognised the appellate jurisdiction of the Parlement of Paris for suits arising in those parts of Flanders anciently attached to the kingdom of France (essentially those parts west of the river Scheldt), but in 1521 Charles V decreed that the Great Council of Mechelen had sole appellate jurisdiction for the whole county of Flanders.[2]: 26  By the Treaty of Cambrai (1529), Francis I of France renounced all claim to sovereignty or jurisdiction in Flanders.

During the Dutch Revolt, Calvinists seized power in Ghent in 1578. The council was reconstituted at Douai in 1580, under the presidency of Guillaume de Pamele, and remained there until 1585.[2]: 31 

In 1694 Charles II of Spain disbanded the Admiralty Council and transferred maritime jurisdiction to the Council of Flanders.[2]: 38 

The last sentence of death issued by the Council of Flanders was on 24 July 1772.[4]

The council ceased to exist in 1795, when the Austrian Netherlands were annexed by the First French Republic.[2]: 44 

Presidents of the Council of Flanders
  Pieter van der Zijpe (1386-1404)    Willem van Pamele (1580-1585), loyal to Spain
  Pieter van Camdonck (1404-1409)[5]    Nicholas Damant (1585), refused
  Simon van Formelis (1409-1440)    Jacob Bogaert (1587-1596)
  Goswin de Wilde (1440-1445)    Jacques Liebart (1598-1605)
  Gillis van der Woestyne (1451-)    Willem van Corenhuyse (1605-1617)
  Andries Colin (1465-1479)    Marcus de Hertoghe (1617-1626)
    Thomas de Plaine, acting[6] (1475-1477)    Guilielmus Wyts (1626-1641)
  Paul de Baenst (1479-1497)    Aurelius Augustinus van Male (refused)
    Filips Wielant, acting (1488-1492)    Filip Willem van Steenhuys (1649-1650)
  Jean le Sauvage (1497-1509)    Jean-Baptiste della Faille d'Assenede (1650-1666)
  Richard Rogier[7]    Lodewijk Errembault (1668-1679), loyal to France
  Nicolaas Utenhove (-1527)    Antoon vander Piet (1679-1706), loyal to Spain
  Pieter Tayspil (-1540)    Antoon Sersanders de Luna (1706-1721)
  Lodewijk Helleweghe (1541-1556)    François-Aloyse vander Meersch (1722-1739)
  Adriaan vander Burgh    Frederik Varendoncq (1739-1740)
  Jacob de Blasere (-1558)    Karel-Filip Patijn (1742-1772)
  Jacob Martens (-1573)    Louis de Keerle (1772-1781)
  Adolf van Meetkercke, in revolt against Spain (1580-1585)    Jan Diericx (from 1782)

See also

References
  1. Victor Gaillard, L'audience du comte: Origine du Conseil de Flandre (1854).
  2. Jean Léonard Henri Ganser, Le Conseil de Flandres (Ghent, 1846).
  3. Patricia Carson, The Fair Face of Flanders (revised edition, Tielt, 2001), p. 113.
  4. Jos Monballyu, Six Centuries of Criminal Law: History of Criminal Law in the Southern Netherlands and Belgium, 1400-2000 (Leiden and Boston, 2014), p. 133.
  5. also Chancellor of Brabant from 1407.
  6. Andries Colin resigned but came back in 1477 for 2 more years.
  7. also: Reniger, Reingher, Reyenger
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