Courthouse

Chester County Courthouse, West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1846 (housing the trial-level Court of Common Pleas)

Philadelphia City Hall, Philadelphia, 1877 is a consolidated courthouse and center of the political branches of Philadelphia's city-county government.

In most counties in the United States, the local trial courts conduct their business in a centrally located courthouse. The courthouse may also house other county government offices, or the courthouse may consist of a designated part of a wider county government building or complex. The courthouse is usually located in the county seat, although large metropolitan counties may have satellite or annex offices for their courts.

In some cases this building may be named in some way or its function divided as between a judicial building and administrative office building. For instance, Philadelphia City Hall is, as its name implies, the seat of the legislative and executive functions of the consolidated City and County of Philadelphia, but most of its floor space is devoted to the Civil Division of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas.[1][2][3] The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania shares space with three local governments and with the legislative and executive branches of the state government of Pennsylvania, having courtrooms at Philadelphia City Hall, the Pennsylvania State Capitol in Harrisburg (which it shares with the Pennsylvania General Assembly and the Governor of Pennsylvania), and the Pittsburgh City-County Building in Pittsburgh (which it shares with the governments of the City of Pittsburgh and of Allegheny County).

Many judges also officiate at civil marriage ceremonies in their courthouse chambers. In some places, the courthouse also contains the main administrative office for the county government, or when a new courthouse is constructed, the former one will often be used for other local government offices. Either way, a typical courthouse will have one or more courtrooms and a court clerk's office with a filing window where litigants may submit documents for filing with the court.

Each United States district court also has a federally owned building that houses courtrooms, chambers and clerk's offices. Many federal judicial districts are further split into divisions, which may also have their own courthouses. However, sometimes divisional court facilities are located in buildings that also house other agencies or offices of the United States government; for instance, the Mitchell H. Cohen United States Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey houses a United States post office as well as court facilities for the District of New Jersey.[4][5] Some branches of federal courts are even housed in rented office space in buildings housing commercial tenants (for instance, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware is located in an office building in Wilmington across the street from the main courthouse of the District Court).[6] The United States District Court for the Eastern District of California has a courthouse in Yosemite to hear misdemeanors and petty crimes for Yosemite National Park.[7] Meanwhile, most of the United States courts of appeals have space in the main courthouses of the federal district court covering the city in which they are seated.

The courthouse is part of the iconography of American life and is equivalent to the city hall as the symbol of the municipium in European free cities. Courthouses are often shown in American cinema (i.e. "Peyton Place", "Back to the Future", and "My Cousin Vinny"). They range from small-town rural buildings with a few rooms to huge metropolitan courthouses that occupy large plots of land. The style of American architecture used varies, with common styles including federal, Greek Revival, neoclassicist, and modern.

Security

District Court Prague-West entrance. From left: Security box where visitors may deposit a firearm, X-ray machine and metal detector frame, officer of the Judicial Guard in the background.

Due to concerns over potential violence, many courthouses in American cities often have security checkpoints where all incoming persons are searched for weapons, normally through the use of an X-ray machine for all bags and a walk-through metal detector, much like those found at airports.

For example, the Los Angeles Superior Court added such checkpoints to all entrances to its main courthouse in Downtown Los Angeles after a woman was shot and killed by her ex-husband in open court in September 1995.[8] The Supreme Court of California ruled in 2002 that Los Angeles County (which at the time was responsible for maintaining the courthouses) was not liable to her three children under the California Government Tort Claims Act.[9]

After the Oklahoma City bombing, the federal government proceeded to heavily fortify all large federal buildings, including many urban courthouses.

Some courthouses in areas with high levels of violent crime have redundant layers of security. For example, when the Supreme Court of California hears oral argument in San Francisco or Los Angeles, visitors must pass through one security checkpoint to enter the building, and another to enter the courtroom.

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  Bulloch County Courthouse, Statesboro, Georgia
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  Orange County, Vermont courthouse
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  Federal Courthouse, Las Vegas, Nevada
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  The Crook County Courthouse in Prineville, Oregon
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  DeKalb County Court House, Auburn, Indiana
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  Cabell County Court House in Huntington, West Virginia
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  Lowndes County Courthouse in Valdosta, Georgia
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  Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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  Avery County Courthouse in Newland, North Carolina
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  Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse in New York City is an example of a postmodern high-rise courthouse.
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  The Bergen County Court House in Hackensack, New Jersey features the American Renaissance architectural style.
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  San Francisco County Superior Courthouse located in the San Francisco Civic Center. An example of contextual post-modernism.

In Canada each municipality constructs its own courthouse, or several in the case of large cities. In smaller communities the court is in the same building as the city hall and other municipal offices. In the past many courthouses also included the local prison.

One well-known court house in Canada is the Romanesque Revival (Neo-Romanesque) Old City Hall in Toronto, Ontario. Designed by E.J. Lennox, Old City Hall was completed in 1899 and has been functioning as a municipal building ever since. It was originally constructed to facilitate Toronto's City Council, legal and municipal offices and the city's courts however following the construction of the fourth city hall (adjacent to the third, on Queen Street) the building's purpose was limited to being solely a courthouse for the Ontario Court of Justice.[10] This building can be described as Romanesque Revival due to multiple characteristics it shares with Romanesque architecture (despite being constructed seven centuries later in a completely different continent). These characteristics include the materiality in terms of large stone construction, the repetitive rhythmic use of windows containing various sized arches and barrel vaults directing attention towards them, decorated spandrels (wall section connecting arches) and the inclusion of gabled walls (pointed sections). Old City Hall has been designated a National Historical Site since 1989.[11]

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  The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa
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  Kings County Courthouse, Kentville, Nova Scotia
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  Halifax Court House in Halifax, Nova Scotia
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  Frontenac County Court House, Kingston, Ontario, 1858
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  Law Courts (Vancouver), British Columbia, 1980

• Courts of England and Wales
• List of courthouses