Crafoord Prize

The Crafoord Prize is an annual science prize established in 1980 by Holger Crafoord, a Swedish industrialist, and his wife Anna-Greta Crafoord. The Prize is awarded in partnership between the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Crafoord Foundation in Lund. The Academy is responsible for selecting the Crafoord Laureates.[1] The prize is awarded in four categories: astronomy and mathematics; geosciences; biosciences, with particular emphasis on ecology; and polyarthritis, the disease from which Holger severely suffered in his last years.

The Crafoord Prize
Awarded forastronomy and mathematics, biosciences, geosciences or polyarthritis research, awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
CountrySweden
Presented byRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences
First awarded1982 (1982)
Websitewww.crafoordprize.se

According to the Academy, "these disciplines are chosen so as to complement those for which the Nobel Prizes are awarded".[2] Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme – astronomy and mathematics; then geosciences; then biosciences.[2] A Crafoord Prize in polyarthritis is only awarded when a special committee decides that substantial progress in the field has been made.[2] The recipient of the Crafoord Prize is announced each year in mid-January; on Crafoord Days in April or May, the prize is presented by the King of Sweden, who also presents the Nobel Prizes at the ceremony in December.[2][3] As of 2021 the prize money is 6,000,000 kr (or US$700,000).[4] The prize has been compared to the Nobel Prize for its prestige in the geosciences.[5]

The inaugural laureates, Vladimir Arnold and Louis Nirenberg, were cited by the Academy for their work in the field of non-linear differential equations. As of 2022, the winners have predominantly been men. The first woman to be awarded the prize was astronomer Andrea Ghez in 2012.

Laureates

The Crafoord prize has been awarded to the following scientists:[6]

Year Category Image Laureate Nationality Work Ref.
1982 Mathematics Vladimir Arnold Vladimir Arnold Russian Theory of non-linear differential equations [7][8]
Louis Nirenberg Louis Nirenberg Canadian / American[A] [7][9]
1983 Geosciences — Edward Norton Lorenz American Geophysical hydrodynamics [7][10]
Henry Stommel Henry Stommel American
1984 Biosciences Daniel Janzen Daniel H. Janzen American Co-evolution [7][11]
1985 Astronomy Lyman Spitzer Lyman Spitzer American Studies of the interstellar medium [7][12]
1986 Geosciences Claude Allègre Claude Allègre French Isotope geochemical relations [7][13]
— Gerald J. Wasserburg American
1987 Biosciences — Eugene Odum American Ecosystem ecology [7][14]
— Howard T. Odum American
1988 Mathematics Pierre Deligne, seated, facing left and away from the camera Pierre Deligne Belgian Algebraic geometry [7][15]
Alexander Grothendieck None[B] [7][16]
1989 Geosciences James Van Allen James Van Allen American Exploration of space, the discovery of the Van Allen belts [7][13]
1990 Biosciences Paul R. Ehrlich Paul R. Ehrlich American Dynamics and genetics of fragmented populations [7][17]
Edward Osborne Wilson E. O. Wilson American Theory of island biogeography [7][18]
1991 Astronomy — Allan Sandage American Study of galaxies [7][19]
1992 Geosciences — Adolf Seilacher German Research into evolution of life [7][13]
1993 Biosciences — W. D. Hamilton British Theories of kin selection and genetic relationship [7][20]
Seymour Benzer in his office at Caltech in 1974 with a big model of Drosophila Seymour Benzer American Genetical and neurophysiological studies of fruit flies [7][21]
1994 Mathematics Simon Donaldson Simon Donaldson British Four-dimensional geometry [7][22]
Shing-Tung Yau Shing-Tung Yau American[C] Non-linear techniques in differential geometry [7][23]
1995 Geosciences — Willi Dansgaard Danish Development of isotope geological analysis methods [7][13]
— Nicholas Shackleton British
1996 Biosciences Robert May Robert May Australian Ecological research [7][24]
1997 Astronomy Fred Hoyle Fred Hoyle British Study of nuclear processes in stars, stellar evolution [7][25]
— Edwin Ernest Salpeter American [7][26]
1998 Geosciences Don L. Anderson Don L. Anderson American Study of the structures and processes in the interior of the Earth [7][21]
Adam Dziewoński Adam M. Dziewonski Polish / American[D] [7][27]
1999 Biosciences Ernst Mayr Ernst Mayr American Developing the concept of evolutionary biology [7][28]
John Maynard Smith British
— George C. Williams American
2000 Polyarthritis — Marc Feldmann British Definition of TNF-alpha [3][7]
Ravinder N. Maini Ravinder N. Maini British
2001 Mathematics Alain Connes Alain Connes French Theory of operator algebras, founder of the non-commutative geometry [7][29]
2002 Geosciences — Dan McKenzie British Dynamics of the lithosphere [7][30]
2003 Biosciences Carl Woese Carl Woese American Third domain of life [7][31]
2004 Polyarthritis — Eugene C. Butcher American Study of molecular mechanisms concerning white blood cells [7][32]
— Timothy A. Springer American
2005 Astronomy James E. Gunn James E. Gunn American Understanding the large-scale structure of the Universe [7][21]
James Peebles James Peebles American [7][33]
Martin Rees delivering a lecture at Jodrell Bank Martin Rees British
2006 Geosciences Wallace Smith Broecker Wallace Smith Broecker American Research into the global carbon cycle [7][34]
2007 Biosciences — Robert Trivers American Analysis of social evolution [7][35]
2008 Astronomy Rashid Sunyaev Rashid Alievich Sunyaev Russian Contributions to high-energy astrophysics and cosmology [7][36]
Mathematics Maxim Kontsevich Maxim Kontsevich Russian[E] Contributions to mathematics from modern theoretical physics [7][37]
Edward Witten writing on a blackboard Edward Witten American
2009 Polyarthritis Charles Dinarello Charles Dinarello American Isolation of interleukins, understanding their role in the onset of inflammatory diseases [7][38]
Tadamitsu Kishimoto Tadamitsu Kishimoto Japanese
Toshio Hirano Toshio Hirano Japanese
2010 Geosciences Walter Munk Walter Munk American "for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to our understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves, and their role in the Earth's dynamics". [7][21]
2011 Biosciences Ilkka Hanski Ilkka Hanski Finnish "for his pioneering studies on how spatial variation affects the dynamics of animal and plant populations". [7][39]
2012 Astronomy Reinhard Genzel Reinhard Genzel German "for their observations of the stars orbiting the galactic centre, indicating the presence of a supermassive black hole". [7][40]
Andrea Ghez Andrea M. Ghez American
Mathematics Jean Bourgain Jean Bourgain Belgian "for their brilliant and groundbreaking work in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, ergodic theory, number theory, combinatorics, functional analysis and theoretical computer science". [7][41]
Terence Tao Terence Tao Australian / American
2013 Polyarthritis Peter K. Gregersen Peter K. Gregersen American "for their discoveries concerning the role of different genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis". [7][42]
Lars Klareskog Lars Klareskog Swedish
Robert J. Winchester Robert J. Winchester American
2014 Geosciences — Peter Molnar American "for his ground-breaking contribution to the understanding of global tectonics, in particular the deformation of continents and the structure and evolution of mountain ranges, as well as the impact of tectonic processes on ocean-atmosphere circulation and climate". [7][43]
2015 Biosciences — Richard Lewontin American "for their pioneering analyses and fundamental contributions to the understanding of genetic polymorphism". [7][44]
Tomoko Ohta Tomoko Ohta Japanese
2016 Astronomy Roy Kerr Roy Kerr New Zealand "for fundamental work concerning rotating black holes and their astrophysical consequences" [45][46]
Roger Blandford Roger Blandford American
Mathematics Yakov Eliashberg Yakov Eliashberg American[F] "for the development of contact and symplectic topology and groundbreaking discoveries of rigidity and flexibility phenomena"
2017 Polyarthritis Shimon Sakaguchi Shimon Sakaguchi Japanese "for their discoveries relating to regulatory T cells, which counteract harmful immune reactions in arthritis and other autoimmune diseases." [47]
Fred Ramsdell Fred Ramsdell American
Alexander Rudensky Alexander Rudensky American[G]
2018 Geosciences Syukuro Manabe Syukuro Manabe Japanese / American "for fundamental contributions to understanding the role of atmospheric trace gases in Earth’s climate system." [48]
Susan Solomon Susan Solomon American
2019 Biosciences Sallie W. Chisholm Sallie W. Chisholm American "for the discovery and pioneering studies of the most abundant photosynthesising organism on Earth, Prochlorococcus". [49]
2020 Astronomy Eugene N. Parker Eugene N. Parker American "for pioneering and fundamental studies of the solar wind and magnetic fields from stellar to galactic scales". [50]
Mathematics Enrico Bombieri Enrico Bombieri Italian / American "for outstanding and influential contributions in all the major areas of mathematics, particularly number theory, analysis and algebraic geometry".
2021 Polyarthritis Daniel Kastner Daniel L. Kastner American "for establishing the concept of autoinflammatory diseases". [51]
2022 Geosciences Andrew K. Knoll Andrew H. Knoll American "for fundamental contributions to our understanding of the first three billion years of life on Earth and life’s interactions with the physical environment through time". [52]
2023 Biosciences — Dolph Schluter Canadian "for fundamental contributions to the understanding of adaptive radiation and ecological speciation". [53]

Notes

a Nirenberg was born in Canada.[9]

b Grothendieck was born in Germany, but spent most of his life in France and was legally stateless. He declined his prize.[16]

c Shing-Tung Yau was born in China.[54]

d Dziewonski was born in Poland.[27]

e Kontsevich was born in Russia.[37]

f Eliashberg was born in Russia.[46]

g Rudensky was born in Russia.[55]

See also

References
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