Endocast

An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms.[1] Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible space, or they may occur naturally through fossilization.

A natural endocast of the brain of the Taung Child, a young Australopithecus africanus, with the facial portion of the skull attached

Cranial endocasts
Digital cranial endocast of Acrocanthosaurus, an early Cretaceous theropod

Artificial casts

Endocasts of the inside of the neurocranium (braincase) are often made in paleoanthropology to study brain structures and hemispheric specialization in extinct human ancestors. While an endocast can not directly reveal brain structure,[1] it can allow scientists to gauge the size of areas of the brain situated close to the surface, notably Wernicke's and Broca's areas, responsible for interpreting and producing speech. [2]

Traditionally, the casting material is some form of rubber or rubber-like material. The openings to the brain cavity, except for the foramen magnum, are closed, and the liquid rubber is slushed around in the empty cranial vault and then left to set. The resulting hollow sphere can then be drained of air like a balloon and pulled out through the foramen magnum.[3] Rubber endocasts like these were the standard practice until the end of the 20th century and are still used in some fields. However, scientists are increasingly utilizing computerized tomography scanning technology to create digital endocasts in order to avoid risking damage to valuable specimens.[4]

Natural endocasts
Natural (fossil) endocast of a Tyrannosaurus cranial vault, showing extensive olfactory bulb (left)

Natural cranial endocasts are also known. The famous Taung Child, the first Australopithecus found, consists of a natural endocast connected to the facial portion of the skull. It was the shape of the brain that allowed Raymond Dart to conclude that the fossil was that of a human relative rather than an extinct ape.[5]

Mammal endocasts are particularly useful, as they resemble the fresh brain with the dura mater in place. Such "fossil brains" are known from several hundred different mammal species.[1] More than a hundred natural casts of the cranial vault of Bathygenys (a small merycodont) alone are known, some having identifiable features down to the major gyri.[6] Several hundred casts of various dinosaurs are known, among them a Tyrannosaurus brain vault, showing the animal had limited intelligence and a well-developed sense of smell.[7] The oldest known natural cranial endocast is a fossil fish brain from a Holocephalan, some 300 million years old.[8]

Endocasts of other hollows
Endocast of the shell of an Ordovician straight-shelled cephalopod, showing the internal shell structure

Endocast fossils from animals with shells that easily disintegrate or dissolve can often be encountered free from their mold fossil, like the aragonite shells of certain molluscs and the tests of sea urchins. A frequently occurring form is the internal mold of brachiopods and bivalves. In the quite symmetrical genus brachiopod Pentamerus, the endocast resembles a vulva, giving these fossils the name Schamstein or Mutterstein ("shame stone" or "mother stone") in German, while some bivalve endocasts are traditionally known as heart-of-stone or bull hearts in Britain.[9] The "Venus of Svinesund", an early Mesolithic Venus figurine from Norway, is a re-worked Ordovician bivalve endocast.[10] Endocasts are also known to develop from snail shells and sea urchins, and even from the stomach hollow of jellyfish, a group that rarely leaves fossil traces.

Artificial endocasts are sometimes made from blood vessels for medical or anatomical reasons. The blood vessel of an organ (e.g. brain or liver) is injected with a resin. When it is set, the organ itself is dissolved, leaving a three-dimensional image of the blood supply to the organ.

References
  1. Jerison, H.J. "Paleoneurology: The study of brain endocasts of extinct vertebrates". Comparative Mammalian Brain Collection. University of Wisconsin, Michigan State University, National Museum of Health and Medicine, sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  2. Beaudet, Amélie (2017). "The Emergence of Language in the Hominin Lineage: Perspectives from Fossil Endocasts". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 11: 427. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00427. PMC 5572361. PMID 28878641.
  3. McGowan, Christopher (1991). Dinosaurs, spitfires, and sea dragons (Compl. rev. and updated version of "The successful dragons" ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-20769-6.
  4. Buchholtz, Emily (27 June 2012). "Dinosaur Paleoneurology". In Brett-Surman, M. K.; Holtz, Thomas R. Jr (eds.). The Complete Dinosaur (2nd ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. pp. 191–208. ISBN 978-0-253-00849-7.
  5. Brain, C.K. Raymond Dart and our African Origins, in A Century of Nature: Twenty-One Discoveries that Changed Science and the World, Laura Garwin and Tim Lincoln, eds.
  6. Wilson, J.A. (1971). "Early Tertiary vertebrate faunas, Vieja Group: Trans- Pecos Texas: Agriochoeridae and Merycoidodontidae". Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin (18): 1–83.
  7. Jerison, H.J. (2009). "Dinosaur Brains". In Squire, L.R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of neuroscience (PDF). [Amsterdam]: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-045046-9.
  8. Oldest Fossil Brain Find Is 'Really Bizarre', LiveScience.com
  9. von Werfring, Johan (2015-05-21). "Schamstein-Therapie nach Krötenbiss". Museumsstücke, ProgrammPunkte. Wiener Zeitung. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  10. Glørstad, Håkon; Nakrem, Hans Arne; Ørhaug, Vanja (November 2004). "Nature in society: reflections over a Mesolithic sculpture of a fossilised shell". Norwegian Archaeological Review. 37 (2): 95–110. doi:10.1080/00293650410014960. S2CID 162351318.
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