Crewe Works

Crewe Works is a British railway engineering facility located in the town of Crewe, Cheshire. The works, which was originally opened by the Grand Junction Railway in March 1843, employed around 7,000 to 8,000 workers at its peak. In the 1980s much of the engineering works were closed. Most of the site has been redeveloped, but the remaining parts are owned and operated by Alstom.

Crewe Works
The erecting shop at the London & North Western Railway Crewe Works, c. 1890
Operated1840-present
LocationCrewe, Cheshire
Coordinates53.10°N 2.46°W / 53.10; -2.46
IndustryRailways
Rolling stock manufacture
ProductsSteam locomotives

During the late 19th century, the London and North Western Railway used Crewe Works to produce many famous locomotives such as the Webb 2-4-0 Jumbo class and the compounds, the Whale Experiment and Precursor classes, and the Bowen-Cooke Claughtons. In particular, Whale's 1912 superheated G1 Class 0-8-0 developed from a locomotive introduced by Webb in 1892, lasted, in many cases until 1964, near the end of steam in 1968.

After grouping, the works were taken over by London, Midland and Scottish Railway which was the successor to the LNWR. It was during this period that the works reached its zenith in size and output. Creating notable steam engines such as Sir William Stanier's locomotives as well as the 'Jubilee' and Class 5 4-6-0s, the 'Princess Royal' and the 'Princess Coronation' 4-6-2s.

The works continued to produce engines under British Railways such as the Britannia 4-6-2s and the Franco-Crosti boilered Class 9 freight locomotives. In the 1980s, a large part of the works was sold for redevelopment. Due to the scale of the works, it had its own internal narrow gauge tramway, the Crewe Works Railway, which was used from 1862 until 1932.

History
Access to Crewe Works[1] (Present)
from Mainline and Basic Layout
 West to Chester
 A532  (Merrill's Bridge, West Street)
Traverser
Crewe Electric Depot
(on opposite side)
Old bridge from Electric Depot
now removed
East to Crewe Station

Grand Junction Railway

The directors of the Grand Junction Railway determined to construct a works on a 3 acres (12,000 m2) site at Crewe in 1840 with the first locomotive, No. 32Tamerlane completed in October 1843.[2] By 1846, the demand for space was such that wagon building was moved, first to Edge Hill and Manchester, then to a new works at Earlestown. By 1848, the works employed over 1,000 producing one locomotive a week.

London and North Western Railway

In 1845, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was merged with the Grand Junction. These, in turn, merged in 1846, with the London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway to form the London and North Western Railway (LNWR). All four had their own workshops but, in time, locomotive building was concentrated at Crewe.

In 1857, John Ramsbottom became Locomotive Superintendent. He had previously invented the first reliable safety valve and the scoop for picking up water from troughs between the tracks. He went on to improve the precision and interchangeability of tools and components.

In 1862, locomotive work was transferred from Wolverton. Wolverton became the carriage works, while wagon building was concentrated at Earlestown.

In 1853, Crewe had begun to make its own wrought iron and roll its own rails, and in 1864 installed a Bessemer converter for manufacturing steel. In 1868 it became the first place to use open-hearth furnaces on an industrial scale. It also built its own brickworks. Later the works was fitted with two electric arc furnaces.

Production increased steadily and, with the sale to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway of ten 2-4-0 and eighty six 0-6-0 locomotives, privately owned manufacturers took out an injunction in 1876 to restrain the railway from producing anything but its own needs. This remained in force until British Rail Engineering Limited was established in 1969.

By 1920 Crewe Works had grown into a poorly laid-out establishment with nine separate erecting shops, four of which could only handle smaller locomotives, and the LNWR sanctioned plans for a new large erecting shop which placed on hold until revised and implemented later by the LMS.[3]

London, Midland and Scottish Railway
Rebuilt Royal Scot Class No. 46123 Royal Irish Fusilers receiving attention at Crewe Works with other locomotives

When the LNWR became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923, its passenger locomotives were eclipsed by those of the former Midland Railway, which offered light, fast and frequent services. As traffic density increased, there was a need for longer trains and more powerful locomotives to haul them. In 1932, William Stanier became Chief Mechanical Engineer and set out to rationalise production. Since Crewe had experience with heavier locomotives and had its own steel making facilities, he chose it as his main production location.

There followed the Princesses and Duchesses, along with the Jubilees and the "Black Fives". Crewe produced all the new boilers for the LMS, and all heavy drop stampings and forgings. It also produced most of the heavy steel components for the track and other structures. The 1935 documentary No. 6207; A Study in Steel about the construction of an LMS Princess Royal Class engine was filmed at the works.[4]

During World War II, Crewe produced over 150 Covenanter tanks for the army.

Stanier 8F 2-8-0 48133 on the Crewe Works internal railway in 1948

British Railways
Bowen-Cooke Class G2a 0-8-0
No. 48932, built at Crewe in 1902 as a Webb Class B four-cylinder loco, was later rebuilt to two-cylinder status. Buxton shed August 1960.

After British Railways (BR) was formed in 1948, Robert Riddles introduced the BR standard classes, and Crewe built Britannia and Clan mixed traffic engines and some of the Class 9 freight locomotives. The last steam locomotive built at Crewe, Class 9 number 92250, was completed in December 1958. Crewe Works built 7,331 steam locomotives.[5]

Diesel production commenced, with D5030 the first main line example completed in 1959.[6] The final diesel locomotives built at Crewe Works were the Class 56 with the last completed in 1984, while the final class of electric locomotives were the Class 91 with the last completed in 1991.[7]

Modern ownership

Crewe Works became a part of British Rail Engineering Limited when the former BR Workshops were set up as a separate business in 1969 and was privatised in 1989. In the mid-1980s, much of the Crewe Works site was cleared and sold for major redevelopment. Around this time, British Rail Engineering Limited was sold to ASEA Brown-Boveri, which merged with Daimler Benz in 1996 to form Adtranz. Adtranz was itself taken over by Bombardier in 2001.[8] Via the sale of Bombardier Transportation to Alstom in January 2021 the plant became part of Alstom UK & Ireland.

At its height, Crewe Works employed between 7,000 and 8,000 people; in 2005 fewer than 1,000 remained on site, with a further 270 redundancies announced in November of that year and more cutbacks or even closure possible. Current work is largely focused on general maintenance and the inspection of seriously damaged stock. Much of the site once occupied by the works has been sold off and is now occupied by a supermarket, leisure park and a large new health centre. In 2019 another part of Crewe Works was demolished for a new housing estate.

In December 2021 the contract for delivery of HS2 rolling stock was awarded to a partnership between Hitachi Rail and Alstom. Alstom's share in manufacturing of the 54 trains will take place at Derby Litchurch Lane Works and Crewe Works. All the bogies, which house the wheelsets, will be both assembled and maintained at Alstom's Crewe facility.[9][10] Manufacturing is expected to start in 2025.

Notes
Citations
  1. from Google Earth/Google Maps
  2. Larkin 2009, p. 39.
  3. Whitehouse & Thomas 1987, pp. 165−166.
  4. "No. 6207; A Study in Steel (1935)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  5. Last Steam Locomotive from Crewe Works Railway Gazette 26 December 1958 page 762
  6. Crewe Works Builds Its First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotive Railway Gazette 26 June 1959
  7. The Making of Crewe and What Made Crewe The Railway Magazine issue 1254 October 2005 pages 14-23
  8. Bombardier cleared to buy Adtranz Railway Gazette International May 2001
  9. "Hitachi and Alstom win order to build and maintain High Speed Two trains in Britain". Mynewsdesk. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  10. Historic Crewe Works to receive upgrade amid new HS2 contract Nantwich News, December 16, 2021
Bibliography
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  • Kelly, Peter (December 1981 – January 1982). "This is Crewe". Rail Enthusiast. EMAP National Publications. pp. 16–19. ISSN 0262-561X. OCLC 49957965.
  • Larkin, E.J.; Larkin, J.G. (1988). The Railway Workshops of Britain 1823-1986. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 0-333-39431-3.
  • Larkin, Edgar J. (2009) [1992]. An Illustrated History of British Railways' Workshops : Locomotive, Carriage, and Wagon Building and Maintenance, from 1825 to the Present Day. Heathfield Railway Publications. ISBN 9781906974022. OCLC 59982877.
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  • Whitehouse, Patrick; Thomas, David St John (1987). LMS 150 : The London Midland & Scottish Railway A century and a half of progress. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8740-5. OL 2078605M.
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