Crotalus atrox tortugensis

Crotalus atrox tortugensis is a venomous pit viper subspecies found only on Tortuga Island in the Gulf of California.

Crotalus atrox tortugensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Crotalus
Species:
C. atrox
Subspecies:
C. a. tortugensis
Trinomial name
Crotalus atrox tortugensis
Synonyms
  • Crotalus tortugensis
    Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1921
  • Crotalus atrox tortugensis
    – Stejneger & Barbour, 1933
  • Crotalus tortuguensis
    – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1971
  • Crotalus atrox tortuguensis
    – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1971
  • Crotalus tortugensis
    – Golay et al., 1993[2]
Common names: Tortuga Island diamond rattlesnake,[3][4] Tortuga Island rattlesnake.[5]

Description

This species is smaller than its close relative, C. atrox atrox, with large males not growing to much more than 100 cm (39 in) in length. The largest specimen on record is 105.8 centimetres (41.7 in) (Klauber, 1972). Compared to C. atrox atrox, the head is shorter relative to the length of the body—a trait considered to be an indication of dwarfing, which is common in island populations.[3]

The color pattern consists of a gray to gray-brown ground color, occasionally with a slight purplish or pinkish hue, overlaid dorsally with a series of 32-41 dark brown to purplish-brown blotches running down the length of the body. The blotches are hexagonal or diamond-shaped, marked with black spots, and bordered with irregular black mottling.[3]

Geographic range

Found only on Tortuga Island, Baja California Sur, in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Its type locality is "Tortuga Island".[2]

Habitat

It lives in barren, rocky, desert terrain, sparsely covered with brush and cacti.[3]

Conservation status

This subspecies is classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2007.[1] Species are listed as "Least Concern" due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.[6]

However, this species is threatened due to its limited range, though it is common on the island.[7]

Behavior

Although Van Denburgh reported they would rattle vigorously when approached, they have been described as being less excitable than C. atrox atrox, their mainland relative.[4]

Feeding

Its diet apparently consists of mice. Several specimens from the island are reported to have contained mammal hair, and a white-footed mouse, Peromyscus dickeyi, is common on the island.[4]

Venom

Klauber (1956) gives an average venom yield of 56 mg for this species. For comparison, the same study yielded an average of 277 mg for C. atrox atrox.[4]

Taxonomy

Though most recent authors consider this taxon to be distinct, it may actually be conspecific with C. atrox.[2]

References
  1. Frost, D.R. (2007). "Crotalus tortugensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2007: e.T64336A12771629. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64336A12771629.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  2. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  4. Klauber LM. 1956. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition, 1997. [First published in 1956, 1972.] University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.
  5. Crotalus tortugensis at Rattlesnakes. Accessed 23 March 2007.
  6. 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 13 September 2007.
  7. Crotalus tortugensis at San Diego Natural History Museum. Accessed 23 April 2007.

Further reading
  • Van Denburgh, J. and J.R. Slevin. 1921. Preliminary diagnoses of more new Species of Reptiles from Islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Proc. California Acad. Sci., Fourth Series, Volume 11, pp. 395–398.
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