Császár polyhedron

In geometry, the Császár polyhedron (Hungarian: [ˈt͡ʃaːsaːr]) is a nonconvex toroidal polyhedron with 14 triangular faces.

Császár polyhedron
An animation of the Császár polyhedron being rotated and unfolded
TypeToroidal polyhedron
Faces14 triangles
Edges21
Vertices7
Euler char.0 (Genus 1)
Vertex configuration3.3.3.3.3.3
Symmetry groupC1, [ ]+, (11)
Dual polyhedronSzilassi polyhedron
PropertiesNon-convex

This polyhedron has no diagonals; every pair of vertices is connected by an edge. The seven vertices and 21 edges of the Császár polyhedron form an embedding of the complete graph K7 onto a topological torus. Of the 35 possible triangles from vertices of the polyhedron, only 14 are faces.

Complete graph
STL 3D model of a Császár polyhedron
Interactive orthographic projection of a Csaszar polyhedron. In the SVG image, move the mouse left and right to rotate the model.

The tetrahedron and the Császár polyhedron are the only two known polyhedra (having a manifold boundary) without any diagonals: every two vertices of the polygon are connected by an edge, so there is no line segment between two vertices that does not lie on the polyhedron boundary. That is, the vertices and edges of the Császár polyhedron form a complete graph.[1]

The combinatorial description of this polyhedron has been described earlier by Möbius.[2] Three additional different polyhedra of this type can be found in a paper by Bokowski & Eggert (1991).[3]

If the boundary of a polyhedron with v vertices forms a surface with h holes, in such a way that every pair of vertices is connected by an edge, it follows by some manipulation of the Euler characteristic that[4]

This equation is satisfied for the tetrahedron with h = 0 and v = 4, and for the Császár polyhedron with h = 1 and v = 7. The next possible solution, h = 6 and v = 12, would correspond to a polyhedron with 44 faces and 66 edges, but it is not realizable as a polyhedron. It is not known whether such a polyhedron exists with a higher genus.[5]

More generally, this equation can be satisfied only when v is congruent to 0, 3, 4, or 7 modulo 12.[6]

The Császár polyhedron is named after Hungarian topologist Ákos Császár, who discovered it in 1949.[7] The dual to the Császár polyhedron, the Szilassi polyhedron, was discovered later, in 1977, by Lajos Szilassi; it has 14 vertices, 21 edges, and seven hexagonal faces, each sharing an edge with every other face. Like the Császár polyhedron, the Szilassi polyhedron has the topology of a torus.[8][9]

There are other known polyhedra such as the Schönhardt polyhedron for which there are no interior diagonals (that is, all diagonals are outside the polyhedron) as well as non-manifold surfaces with no diagonals.[10][11]

References
  1. Gardner, Martin (1988), Time Travel and Other Mathematical Bewilderments, W. H. Freeman and Company, p. 140, Bibcode:1988ttom.book.....G, ISBN 0-7167-1924-X
  2. Möbius, A.F. (1967) [1886], "Mittheilungen aus Möbius' Nachlass: I", in Klein, Felix (ed.), Zur Theorie der Polyëder und der Elementarverwandtschaft, Gesammelte Werke, vol. II, p. 552, OCLC 904788205
  3. Bokowski, J.; Eggert, A. (1991), "All Realizations of Möbius' Torus with 7 Vertices", Structural Topology, 17: 59–76, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.970.6870, hdl:2099/1067
  4. Gardner (1988), p. 142.
  5. Ziegler, Günter M. (2008), "Polyhedral Surfaces of High Genus", in Bobenko, A. I.; Schröder, P.; Sullivan, J. M.; Ziegler, G. M. (eds.), Discrete Differential Geometry, Oberwolfach Seminars, vol. 38, Springer-Verlag, pp. 191–213, arXiv:math.MG/0412093, doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8621-4_10, ISBN 978-3-7643-8620-7, S2CID 15911143
  6. Lutz, Frank H. (2001), "Császár's Torus", Electronic Geometry Models: 2001.02.069
  7. Császár, A. (1949), "A polyhedron without diagonals" (PDF), Acta Sci. Math. Szeged, 13: 140–142, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-18.
  8. Szilassi, Lajos (1986), "Regular toroids" (PDF), Structural Topology, 13: 69–80
  9. Gardner, Martin (1992), Fractal Music, Hypercards and More: Mathematical Recreations from Scientific American, W. H. Freeman and Company, p. 118, ISBN 0-7167-2188-0
  10. Szabó, Sándor (1984), "Polyhedra without diagonals", Periodica Mathematica Hungarica, 15 (1): 41–49, doi:10.1007/BF02109370, S2CID 189834222
  11. Szabó, Sándor (2009), "Polyhedra without diagonals II", Periodica Mathematica Hungarica, 58 (2): 181–187, doi:10.1007/s10998-009-10181-x, S2CID 45731540
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