Cummingtonite
Cummingtonite (/ˈkʌmɪŋtənaɪt/ KUM-ing-tə-nyte) is a metamorphic amphibole with the chemical composition (Mg,Fe2+
)
2(Mg,Fe2+
)
5Si
8O
22(OH)
2, magnesium iron silicate hydroxide.
| Cummingtonite | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Inosilicate |
| Formula (repeating unit) | (Mg,Fe2+ ) 2(Mg,Fe2+ ) 5Si 8O 22(OH) 2 |
| IMA symbol | Cum[1] |
| Strunz classification | 9.DE.05 |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | Prismatic (2/m) H-M symbol: (2/m) |
| Space group | Monoclinic Space group: C2/m |
| Unit cell | a = 9.53 Å, b = 18.23 Å, c = 5.32 Å; β = 101.97°; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Dark green, brown, gray, beige; colorless to pale green in thin section |
| Crystal habit | Rarely as distinct crystals. Columnar to fibrous and granular |
| Twinning | Simple and lamellar – common |
| Cleavage | Good on {110} intersecting at 54 and 126° |
| Fracture | Splintery |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 5–6 |
| Luster | Vitreous to silky |
| Diaphaneity | Translucent, will transmit light on thin edges. |
| Specific gravity | 3.1–3.6 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (+) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.639–1.671 nβ = 1.647–1.689 nγ = 1.664–1.708 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.025–0.037 |
| Pleochroism | With increasing iron content, weak; X = Y = colorless; Z = pale green |
| 2V angle | Measured: 65° to 90°, Calculated: 70° to 90° |
| Diagnostic features | Characterized by light brown color and needlelike, often radiating habit. Difficult to distinguish from anthophyllite or gedrite without optical and/or X-ray tests. |
| References | [2][3][4][5] |
Monoclinic cummingtonite is compositionally similar and polymorphic with orthorhombic anthophyllite, which is a much more common form of magnesium-rich amphibole, the latter being metastable.
Cummingtonite shares few compositional similarities with alkali amphiboles such as arfvedsonite, glaucophane-riebeckite. There is little solubility between these minerals due to different crystal habit and inability of substitution between alkali elements and ferro-magnesian elements within the amphibole structure.
Name and discovery
Cummingtonite was named after the town of Cummington, Massachusetts, where it was discovered in 1824.[6][2][3] It is also found in Sweden, South Africa, Scotland, and New Zealand.[3]
Chemistry
Cummingtonite is a member of the cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution series which ranges from Mg
7Si
8O
22(OH)
2 for magnesiocummingtonite to the iron rich grunerite endmember Fe
7Si
8O
22(OH)
2. Cummingtonite is used to describe minerals of this formula with between 30 and 70 per cent Fe
7Si
8O
22(OH)
2. Thus, cummingtonite is the series intermediate.
Manganese also substitutes for (Fe,Mg) within cummingtonite amphibole, replacing B site atoms. These minerals are found in high-grade metamorphic banded iron formation and form a compositional series between Mn
2Mg
5Si
8O
22(OH)
2 (tirodite) and Mn
2Fe
5Si
8O
22(OH)
2 (dannemorite).
Calcium, sodium and potassium concentrations in cummingtonite are low. Cummingtonite tends toward more calcium substitution than related anthophyllite. Similarly, cummingtonite has lower ferric iron and aluminium than anthophyllite.
Amosite is a rare asbestiform variety of grunerite that was mined as asbestos only in the eastern part of the Transvaal Province of South Africa. The origin of the name is Amosa, the acronym for the mining company "Asbestos Mines of South Africa".
Occurrence
Cummingtonite is commonly found in metamorphosed magnesium-rich rocks and occurs in amphibolites. Usually it coexists with hornblende or actinolite, magnesium clinochlore chlorite, talc, serpentine-antigorite minerals or metamorphic pyroxene. Magnesium-rich cummingtonite can also coexist with anthophyllite.
Cummingtonite has also been found in some felsic volcanic rocks such as dacites. Manganese rich species can be found in metamorphosed Mn-rich rock units. The grunerite end member is characteristic of the metamorphosed iron formations of the Lake Superior region and the Labrador Trough. With prograde metamorphism cummingtonite and grunerite morph to members of the olivine and pyroxene series.
References
- Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. & Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1997). "Cummingtonite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. III (Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides). Chantilly, VA: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0962209724.
- "Cummingtonite". Mindat.
- "Cummingtonite". Webmineral.
- "Cummingtonite". IMA Master List. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
- Chester Dewey, "A Sketch of the Geology and Mineralogy of the Western Part of Massachusetts, and a Small Part of Adjoining States", in American Journal of Science, first series, vol. 8, part 2, 1824, p. 1-60
Further reading
- Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A. & Zussman, J. (1997). An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals (2nd ed.). pp. 229–247.
- Hurlbut, Cornelius S. & Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-80580-7.
- Klein, Cornelius (2002). The Manual of Mineral Science (22nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-25177-1.
- "Cummingtonite". Mineral Galleries. Archived from the original on 2008-11-19.