Cuphophyllus

Cuphophyllus is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Cuphophyllus species belong to a group known as waxcaps in English, sometimes also waxy caps in North America or waxgills in New Zealand. In Europe, Cuphophyllus species are typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, four species, Cuphophyllus atlanticus (as C. canescens),[1] C. colemannianus, C. lacmus, and C. lepidopus are of global conservation concern and are listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[2]

Cuphophyllus
Cuphophyllus pratensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Hygrophoraceae
Genus:
Cuphophyllus

(Donk) Bon (1985)
Type species
Cuphophyllus pratensis
(Pers.) Bon (1985)


Taxonomy

History

The genus was described by French mycologist Marcel Bon in 1985,[3] though it was subsequently synonymized with Hygrocybe by some authorities.[4] Cuphophyllus species have sometimes been referred to the genus Camarophyllus (Fr.) P.Kumm., but, as argued by Donk (1962), the type species of Camarophyllus must be Agaricus camarophyllus Alb. & Schwein. the species from which the genus takes its name.[5] This means that Camarophyllus sensu stricto is a synonym of Hygrophorus, since A. camarophyllus is a Hygrophorus species (Hygrophorus camarophyllus). This is now accepted by all standard authorities.[6][7][4] Singer (1951), however, proposed Agaricus pratensis (= Cuphophyllus pratensis) as the type species of Camarophyllus,[8] which means that Camarophyllus sensu Singer is a synonym of Cuphophyllus.

Current status

Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, indicates that Cuphophyllus is monophyletic and forms a natural group distinct from Hygrocybe sensu stricto.[9][10][11]

Description

Species are distinguished from most other waxcaps by producing non-viscid, typically white, grey, or brownish basidiocarps (fruit bodies) often with decurrent lamellae (gills). Species of the genus Chromosera are superficially similar, though often more brightly coloured.[4]

Habitat and Distribution

In Europe, Cuphophyllus species are typically found in agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grasslands (including pastures and lawns). Elsewhere, they are most frequently found in woodland. The genus is cosmopolitan.[4]

Economic usage

Fruit bodies of one of the commoner European waxcap species, C. pratensis, are edible[4] and widely collected, sometimes being offered for sale in local markets.

Species
  • C. acutoides
  • C. adonis
  • C. albidocinereus
  • C. angustifolius
  • C. antillanus
  • C. atlanticus
  • C. aurantius
  • C. basidiosus
  • C. berkeleyi
  • C. bicolor
  • C. bondii
  • C. borealis
  • C. canescens
  • C. cereopallidus
  • C. cinerellus
  • C. cinereus
  • C. citrinopallidus
  • C. colemannianus
  • C. comosus
  • C. esteriae
  • C. flavipes
  • C. flavipesoides
  • C. fornicatus
  • C. fuscensis
  • C. griseorufescens
  • C. hygrocyboides
  • C. lacmus
  • C. lamarum
  • C. lepidopus
  • C. nebularis
  • C. neopratensis
  • C. neopratensis
  • C. ochraceopallidus
  • C. pegleri
  • C. pratensis
  • C. pseudopallidus
  • C. radiatus
  • C. rainierensis
  • C. recurvatus
  • C. rigelliae
  • C. roseascens
  • C. russocoriaceus
  • C. subradiatus
  • C. subviolaceus
  • C. umbrinus
  • C. virgineus


See also

References
  1. Jordal JB, Larsson E (2021). "Cuphophyllus atlanticus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) — a new sister species to the North American C. canescens". Agarica. 42: 39–48.
  2. "Cuphophyllus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".
  3. "Cuphophyllus (Donk) Bon". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
  4. Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6.
  5. Donk MA (1962). "The generic names proposed for the Agaricaceae". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 5: 1–320.
  6. "Camarophyllus (Fr.) P. Kumm". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
  7. "Camarophyllus (Fr.) P. Kumm". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
  8. Singer R. (1949). "The Agaricales in modern taxonomy". Lilloa. 22: 1–832.
  9. Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS (2006). "Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview" (PDF). Mycologia. 98 (6): 982–95. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. PMID 17486974. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
  10. Babos M, Halász K, Zagyva T, Zöld-Balogh Á, Szegő D, Bratek Z (2011). "Preliminary notes on dual relevance of ITS sequences and pigments in Hygrocybe taxonomy". Persoonia. 26: 99–107. doi:10.3767/003158511X578349. PMC 3160800. PMID 22025807.
  11. Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)". Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0.
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