Lithium (Nirvana song)

"Lithium" is a song by the American rock band Nirvana, written by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain. It appears as the fifth track on the band's second album Nevermind, released by DGC Records in September 1991.

"Lithium"
UK picture sleeve, with sonogram of Frances Bean Cobain
Single by Nirvana
from the album Nevermind
B-side
ReleasedJuly 13, 1992 (1992-07-13)
RecordedMay 1991
StudioSound City, Los Angeles
Genre
Length4:16
LabelDGC
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)Butch Vig
Nirvana singles chronology
"Come as You Are"
(1992)		 "Lithium"
(1992)		 "In Bloom"
(1992)
Nevermind track listing
13 tracks
  1. "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
  2. "In Bloom"
  3. "Come as You Are"
  4. "Breed"
  5. "Lithium"
  6. "Polly"
  7. "Territorial Pissings"
  8. "Drain You"
  9. "Lounge Act"
  10. "Stay Away"
  11. "On a Plain"
  12. "Something in the Way"
  13. "Endless, Nameless"
Music video
"Lithium" on YouTube

In a 1992 interview with California fanzine Flipside, Cobain explained that the song was a fictionalized account of a man who "turned to religion as a last resort to keep himself alive" after the death of his girlfriend, "to keep him from suicide."[3] Nirvana biographer Michael Azerrad described its lyrics as "an update on Marx's description of religion as the 'opiate of the masses.'"[4]

"Lithium" was released as the third single from Nevermind in July 1992, peaking at number 64 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. It also reached number one in Finland and the top five in Ireland and Portugal. The accompanying music video, directed by American filmmaker Kevin Kerslake, is a compilation of live footage from the band's October 31, 1991, concert at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle, Washington, and from the completed but then-unreleased film, 1991: The Year Punk Broke.

Early history

Written in 1990, "Lithium" was debuted at a video session at the Evergreen State College's television studio in Olympia, Washington on March 20, 1990. The full session, which also included versions of three songs from the band's 1989 debut album, Bleach, was directed by Jon Snyder and conceived by Cobain as a potential video release.[5] It featured the band performing live while a montage of television footage taped by Cobain at home playing in the background. To date, no full songs from this session have been officially released by Nirvana's record company, although videos for "Lithium" and "School," edited by Snyder and featuring additional footage and still photos, appeared on two episodes of 1200 Seconds, a television show produced by Evergreen students. The episodes aired in the fall of 1990 on a local community access cable station.[6]

The song was added to Nirvana's setlist soon after, over a year before the release of Nevermind. Kim Thayil, guitarist of Seattle rock band Soundgarden, recalled hearing it for the first time during Nirvana's show at the Off Ramp Cafe in Seattle on November 25, 1990, saying that "when I heard 'Lithium,' it stuck in my mind. Ben, our bass player, came up to me and said, 'That's the hit. That's the Top 40 hit right there."[7]

In April 1990, "Lithium" was recorded by Butch Vig at Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin, during the recording sessions for what was intended to be a second album for the band's original label, Sub Pop.[8] However, the release was abandoned after the departure of drummer Chad Channing later that year, and the eight-song session was instead circulated as a demo tape, which helped generate interest with the band among major labels.[9]

On September 25, 1990, Cobain performed a solo acoustic version of the song on the Boy Meets Girl show, hosted by Calvin Johnson, on KAOS (FM) in Olympia, Washington.

Nevermind

"Lithium" was re-recorded by Vig in May 1991 at Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, California, during the sessions for what became Nirvana's second album and major-label debut, Nevermind. Preliminary attempts at recording the song's instruments were unsuccessful, in part because the band was having a difficult time maintaining a steady tempo, and kept speeding up.[10] After one failed take, the band abandoned the song as a "frustrated"[11] Cobain began playing the song, "Endless, Nameless" instead. This version of "Endless, Nameless" was released as the album's hidden track. The band's timing problems were immediately solved when their new drummer, Dave Grohl, took Vig's advice to play with a metronome.[10] Vig also advised Grohl to use simpler fills and patterns for the song than he had initially attempted.

The song's quiet verses and loud choruses dynamic also presented a challenge for Vig, who said that "getting the verses to sound relaxed and the chorus to sound as intense as possible, and make the transitions feel natural and effortless, was a hard one to do."[12] As Vig recalled, "Kurt wanted to be able to play the guitar very ... not methodical-it needed to have this space."[12] The dark sound of the distorted guitar was achieved by using a Big Muff fuzzbox played through a Fender Bassman bass amplifier, recorded with what Vig believes was an U47 microphone that he usually used to record bass guitar. The vocals for the song's verses were recorded in two takes, with the second take being used as the master vocal track, although Vig used the second line of the second verse from take one. The chorus vocals were quickly recorded and double-tracked after.[12]

Post-Nevermind
Nirvana performing "Lithium" at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.

"Lithium" was performed live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards on September 9, 1992, in Los Angeles. Cobain had wanted to play the unreleased song "Rape Me" instead, but this was met with resistance from MTV, who wanted the band to play their breakthrough single, "Smells Like Teen Spirit," and were possibly wary of the newer song's controversial title and lyrics. Cobain agreed to play "Lithium" as a compromise, over concerns that not playing the show might lead to MTV boycotting other acts on their label, Gold Mountain, or firing their friend at the station, Amy Finnerty.[13] "We didn't want to fuck everything up for everyone so we decided to play 'Lithium,'" Cobain explained in the 1993 Nirvana biography, Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana. "Instead of bowing out and keeping our dignity, we decided to get fucked in the ass."[14] The performance, which featured Cobain playing a short part of "Rape Me" at the beginning "just to give [MTV] a little heart palpitation,"[14] ended with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic being struck by his bass after throwing it into the air and attempting to catch it unsuccessfully.

The final live version of "Lithium" was at Nirvana's last show, on March 1, 1994, at Terminal Einz in Munich, Germany.

Composition

Music

"Lithium" is an alternative rock song that runs for a duration of four minutes and sixteen seconds.[15] According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by BMG Rights Management, it is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 124 beats per minute.[15] "Lithium" is composed in the key of D major, with guitars tuned down a whole tone, and chord shapes resembling chords in the key of E major, while Kurt Cobain's vocal range spans one octave and three notes, from the low-note of C4 to the high-note of F5.[15] The intro, verses and chorus have a basic chord sequence of D5–F♯5–B5–G5–Bb5–C5–A5–C5 and alternates between the chords G5 and Bb5 during the bridge. A transition from the bridge to the main chord sequence consists of a bar of C5 and a bar of A5. The sheet music makes no reference to the lowered tuning of the guitars and (inaccurately) shows the E major key signature.[15][16]

The arrangement is representative of the musical style Nirvana had developed during work on Nevermind, alternating between quiet and loud sections.[17] In the song, Cobain fingers chord shapes on his guitar but varies between playing single notes and double stops on the instrument, giving the track a loose feel.[18] The song opens with bouncing guitar strums before Cobain starts singing his lines in an almost whispered manner.[19] His voice retains a measured calm during the verses, where low, open guitar lines trace the outline of the song's melody.[20] During the chorus, Cobain shouts "Ye-eh-eh-eh-eh" over five notes and distorted, towering riffs.[21][22] Cobain's thick, surging rhythm guitar meshes with Novoselic's melodic bass and Grohl's intense, snappy drumming.[23]

Lyrics

According to Cobain, "Lithium" was "one of those songs I actually did finish while trying to write it instead of taking pieces of my poetry and other things".[24]

In his 1993 biography Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana, Azerrad described the song's title as "an update on Marx's description of religion as the 'opiate of the masses.'"[4] Gillian G. Gaar described it as "a song whose sing-along melody typically masks the disturbing quality of the lyric, which touches on the solace one can find in religion or madness."[25] As Cobain explained, "In the song, a guy’s lost his girl and his friends and he’s brooding. He’s decided to find God before he kills himself. It’s hard for me to understand the need for a vice like [religion] but I can appreciate it too. People need vices."[26]

In Come As You Are, Cobain acknowledged that the song might have been inspired in part by the time he spent living with his friend Jesse Reed and his born-again Christian parents. Cobain told Azerrad that he wasn't necessarily anti-religion, saying that "I've always felt that some people should have religion in their lives ... That's fine. If it's going to save someone, it's okay. And the person in ['Lithium'] needed it."[4]

Release and reception

"Lithium" was released as the third single from Nevermind on July 13, 1992.[27] Featuring a cover photo by Cobain, the single contained a sonogram of the musician's then-unborn child Frances Bean Cobain,[28] as well as full lyrics for all the songs on Nevermind. Cassette, CD, 12-inch vinyl, and British 12-inch vinyl picture disc editions included "Curmudgeon" and a live version of "Been a Son" (performed on Halloween the previous year) as B-sides. The British 7-inch and cassette featured only "Curmudgeon" as an extra track, while the UK CD release added a cover of the Wipers' "D-7" recorded for BBC Radio 1 disc jockey John Peel's program in 1990.[29]

John Sullivan for New York Magazine described "Lithium" as a "flawlessly crafted hit."[30] AllMusic's Mark Demming remarked, "For all the sound and fury of Nirvana's epochal album, Nevermind, it's significant that the album's best and most affecting song is also among the quietest. ... The liberating force of Nirvana's inspired anger was rarely more powerful than in the service of this song."[20] Time music critic Christopher Farley praised the song for its "gorgeous guitar hooks," writing, "Its punk-inspired, we-couldn't-care-less ethos seemed to reflect the restless apathy some young people felt toward their times."[31]

"Lithium" was ranked the 20th best single of the year in the Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics' poll, tying with singles by Ministry, Lisa Stansfield, and Utah Saints[32] In 1993, it was voted at number 50 on Spin's Top 100 Songs of Our Time.[33]

In 2012, NME ranked "Lithium" at number 52 on its list of the "100 Best Tracks Of The '90s".[34] In 2013, it was voted first "by a pretty comfortable margin" in Rolling Stone's reader's poll of "The 10 Best Nirvana Songs."[35] In 2019, the song was placed at number seven on Rolling Stone's ranking of 102 Nirvana songs.[36] In 2023, Stephen Thomas Erlewine ranked it fifth on the A.V. Club's "Essential Nirvana: Their 30 greatest songs, ranked" list.[37]

According to Nielsen Music's year-end report for 2019, "Lithium" was the tenth most-played song of the decade on mainstream rock radio with 123,000 spins. All of the songs in the top 10 were from the 1990s.[38]

Legacy

On April 10, 2014, "Lithium" was performed by surviving Nirvana members Grohl, Novoselic and Pat Smear, with lead vocals and guitar by American rock musician St. Vincent, at the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York.

"Lithium" has been used as the goal song for Seattle's National Hockey League (NHL) team, the Seattle Kraken, since their inaugural season.[39][40]

Chart performance

In the United States, the single charted at number 64 on the Billboard Hot 100 single chart. "Lithium" peaked at number 16 and 25 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock Tracks airplay charts, respectively.[41]

Live promotional versions

Paradiso version

A live version of "Lithium," recorded at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, Netherlands on November 25, 1991, was released as a promotional single in Holland in 1996, for the live compilation From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah,[42] released in October 1996. Clips of this performance of the song appeared in the 2005 documentary Classic Albums: Nirvana – Nevermind, and the full show was released on Blu-ray and CD on the 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" version of Nevermind on November 12, 2021.

The Palace, Melbourne version

In October 2021, another live version, recorded at The Palace in Melbourne, Australia on February 1, 1992, was released as a streaming single ahead of its appearance on the 30th anniversary edition of the Nevermind.[43][44]

Reviewing the release for Rolling Stone, Kory Grow wrote that "the real magic in the box set manifests during the band's Melbourne, Australia, gig on Feb. 1, 1992. Cobain urges the crowd to sing along with him on 'Lithium' - a track that hadn't even come out as a single yet - and the audience nearly drowns him out, gleefully belting his lyrics about feeling simultaneously happy and ugly and not caring who knows it. Cobain sounds so into it, he forgot to kick on his distortion pedal for the song's primal 'yeah' chorus".[45]

Reading 1992 version

A live version of the song recorded during the band's headlining set at the Reading Festival in Reading, England, on August 30, 1992, was released as a promotional single from the album Live at Reading, released in November 2009. Video of this version first appeared on the 1994 home movie Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!, although the audio was previously unreleased. In the liner notes to From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah, Novoselic wrote that "hearing tens of thousands of people sing along with [the Reading version of] 'Lithium' was a very cool moment in the history of the band."

Music video
The music video for "Lithium" draws largely on footage from the band's October 31, 1991 performance at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle. The full performance has since been released on video and as an album.

The music video for "Lithium" was the second of four Nirvana videos directed by Kevin Kerslake, who had worked with the band on the video for their previous single, "Come as You Are," and later directed the videos for "In Bloom" and "Sliver."

The video featured a collage of live footage from the completed but then-unreleased home movie 1991: The Year Punk Broke, which documented the band's two-week European tour with Sonic Youth, and from their show at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle on October 31, 1991. The footage from The Year Punk Broke was filmed at the 1991 Reading Festival on August 23, 1991, and at De Doelen in Rotterdam, Netherlands on September 1, 1991. According to Nirvana's manager, Danny Goldberg, in his 2019 Cobain biography Serving the Servant, Sonic Youth's vocalist and bassist Kim Gordon initially opposed the inclusion of one scene from the film, which featured Cobain being carried on Novoselic's shoulders, but eventually relented after being reminded that Nirvana had allowed Sonic Youth to use five live performances in the film for free. As Goldberg explained, Gordon "was in love with the shot" and believed its inclusion in a music video would lessen its impact in the upcoming film.[46] The "Lithium" video also featured Cobain jumping into the drum set at the end of the Reading set, during "Endless, Nameless", which led to him dislocating his arm.[47]

Original concept

According to Azerrad in Come as You Are, Cobain's original idea for a "Lithium" video was an animated film about a girl who lived in a house in a forest. The story was to feature the girl, named Preggo, finding a pile of eggs in her closet and putting them in a train of three wagons that she would then wheel through the forest until arriving at a king's castle. By this time, all but one of the eggs have cracked, and she would place the remaining egg on a book on the lap of the king, asleep on his throne. The king would then awaken and open his legs, and the book would slide shut between them, crushing the egg. This concept was abandoned when Cobain and Kerslake learned that the animation would take four months to produce, and the live collage was made instead.[47] Azerrad wrote that while the final video was "enlivened by Kerslake's neat trick of using more violent footage during the quiet parts of the song and vice versa," it "was something of a disappointment from a band and a song that promised so much."[47]

Accolades
Accolades for "Lithium"
Year Publication Country Accolade Rank
1999 Kerrang! United Kingdom 100 Greatest Rock Tracks Ever![48] 20
2013 Rolling Stone United States Readers’ Poll: The 10 Best Nirvana Songs[49] 1
2023 The A.V. Club Essential Nirvana: Their 30 greatest songs, ranked[50] 5

Track listings

All songs were written by Nirvana, except where noted.[51]

US 12-inch, cassette, CD, and UK 12-inch vinyl picture disc

  1. "Lithium" – 4:16
  2. "Been a Son" (live - Seattle - October 31, 1991) – 2:14
  3. "Curmudgeon" – 2:58

UK 7-inch vinyl and cassette

  1. "Lithium" – 4:16
  2. "Curmudgeon" – 2:58

UK CD

  1. "Lithium" – 4:16
  2. "Been a Son" (live) – 2:14
  3. "Curmudgeon" – 2:58
  4. "D-7" (John Peel Radio Session) (Greg Sage) – 3:45

Personnel

Charts

Certifications
Certifications and sales for "Lithium"
Region CertificationCertified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[87] 2× Platinum 140,000‡
Italy (FIMI)[88]
Sales since 2009 		Gold 35,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[89]
Sales since 2004 		Platinum 600,000‡

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Other releases
  • The studio version recorded at Smart Studios in Madison in April 1990 was released in September 2011, when all eight songs recorded at the sessions appeared on disc two of the 20th-anniversary "Deluxe" and "Super Deluxe" versions of Nevermind.
  • The solo acoustic version performed by Cobain on the Boy Meets Girl show in Olympia on September 25, 1990, appeared on the Nirvana box set, With the Lights Out, in November 2005. It was re-released on the compilation, Sliver: The Best of the Box, in November 2005.
  • The 20th anniversary "Super Deluxe" version of Nevermind also featured early "Devonshire" mixes for most of the album, including "Lithium."
  • A live version, recorded on October 31, 1991, at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle, Washington, appeared on Live at the Paramount, released on DVD and Blu-Ray in September 2011.
  • A brief clip of the band performing the song live at the Astoria Theatre in London, England on November 5, 1991, appears on Live! Tonight!! Sold Out!!. The clip, which appears immediately before the Reading version, features Cobain singing the opening lines of the song before stopping and telling the audience to wait while he starts over.
  • Along with the Paradiso and Palace versions, two other live versions of "Lithium" appeared on the 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" version of Nevermind, from the band's performances at Del Mar Fairgrounds in Del Mar, California on December 28, 1991, and at the Nakano Sunplaza in Tokyo, Japan on February 19, 1992.
  • A live version, recorded on December 13, 1993, at Pier 48 in Seattle, Washington, appeared on the live video Live and Loud, released on DVD in September 2011. An edited version of the show, including "Lithium," was first broadcast on MTV, which filmed the concert, on December 31, 1993.
  • Two live versions of "Lithium," from the band's shows at the Great Western Forum in Inglewood, California, on December 30, 1993, and at the Seattle Center Arena in Seattle, on January 7, 1994, will appear on the 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" reissue of Nirvana's final studio album, In Utero, set to be released in October 2023.[90][91]

Cover versions

Cover versions of the song have been performed by choral rock band The Polyphonic Spree (which appeared in the 2015 film The Big Short), The Vaselines, Rockabye Baby! (as a lullaby), Man with a Mission and jazz quartet The Bad Plus.

A cover version by Bruce Lash appears in the 2008 comedy-drama film Marley & Me, starring Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston.[92][93][94][95]

References
  1. Danaher, Michael (August 4, 2014). "The 50 Best Grunge Songs". Paste.
  2. Sacher, Andrew. "Every song on Nirvana's 'Nevermind,' ranked". Brooklyn Vegan. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  3. Kowalewski; Nunez, Al; Cake (May 1992). "An Interview With...Kurt Cobain". Flipside. Retrieved February 12, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Azerrad (1994), p. 218.
  5. True, Everett (2007). Nirvana: The Biography. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-306-81554-6.
  6. Gaar, Gillian G (2009). The Rough Guide to Nirvana. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-85828-945-8.
  7. Cross, Charles R. (August 15, 2001). Heavier Than Heaven. United States: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6505-9.
  8. Azerrad (1994), p. 137.
  9. Azerrad (1994), p. 138.
  10. di Perna, Alan (Fall 1996). "The Making of Nevermind". Guitar World.
  11. Chick, Stevie (September 24, 2019). "Nirvana: The Stories Behind Every Song On Nevermind". Kerrang!. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  12. Berkenstadt & Cross (1998), p. .
  13. True, Everett (2007). Nirvana: The Biography. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-306-81554-6.
  14. Azerrad (1994), p. 277.
  15. Cobain, Kurt. "Nirvana 'Lithium' Sheet Music in E Major - Download & Print". Musicnotes.com. BMG Rights Management. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
  16. Nirvana - Lithium, retrieved July 1, 2021
  17. Berkenstadt & Cross (1998), p. 77.
  18. Chappell, Jon. "Nirvana's Music". Guitar. June 1993.
  19. Time. Volume 142. Time Incorporated, 1993. Page 173.
  20. Deming, Mark. Nirvana - Lithium Song Review by Mark Deming. AllMusic. Retrieved on March 27, 2019.
  21. Savage, Jo. August 15, 1993. Sounds Dirty: The Truth About Nirvana. The Observer.
  22. Kot, Greg (October 10, 1991). "Nirvana: Nevermind (DGC)". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  23. Givens, Ron (March 1992). "Reviews - Popular Music" (PDF). Stereo Review. p. 74. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  24. Berkenstadt & Cross (1998), p. 76.
  25. Gaar, Gillian G. (2009). The Rough Guide to Nirvana. United Kingdom: APA Publications. ISBN 978-1858289458.
  26. True, Everett (2007). Nirvana: The Biography. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-306-81554-6.
  27. "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. July 11, 1992. p. 19.
  28. Cross, Charles R. Heavier Than Heaven, Hyperion, 2001. ISBN 0-7868-6505-9 p. 250.
  29. Gaar, Gillian G. "Verse Chorus Verse: The Recording History of Nirvana". Goldmine. February 14, 1997.
  30. Sullivan, John (March 26, 2019). "Art-Shaped Box". New York. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  31. Farley, Christopher (June 24, 2001). "To The End Of Grunge". Time.
  32. Christgau, Robert. "The 1992 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll". March 2, 1993. Retrieved on September 10, 2008.
  33. "Our Readers Top Picks: THe Top 100 Songs of Our Time". Spin. Vol. 9, no. 8. November 1993. p. 76.
  34. "NME's 100 Best Tracks Of The '90s". Stereogum. May 16, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
  35. "Readers' Poll: The 10 Best Nirvana Songs". Rolling Stone. April 10, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  36. "No Apologies: All 102 Nirvana Songs Ranked". Rolling Stone. April 5, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  37. Thomas Erlewine, Stephen (September 27, 2023). "Essential Nirvana: Their 30 greatest songs, ranked". The A.V. Club. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  38. Trapp, Philip (January 14, 2020). "Nirvana Were the Most-Played Band of the Decade on Rock Radio". Loudwire. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  39. Cotsonika, Nicholas J. (October 24, 2021). "Kraken inaugural home opener a success despite loss to Canucks". NHL.com. NHL Enterprises, L.P. Retrieved February 6, 2023. The sellout crowd of 17,151 roared. The goal horn sounded from a decommissioned Washington State Ferry. And then came the goal song, "Lithium" from the Seattle band Nirvana, the late Kurt Cobain crooning, "Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeaaah!"
  40. Schlosser, Kurt (October 23, 2021). "Kraken Official released in Seattle: Fans turn new Climate Pledge Arena into a roaring hockey house". GeekWire. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  41. Nirvana - Awards. Allmusic.com. Retrieved on January 16, 2013.
  42. "FROM THE MUDDY BANKS OF THE WISHKAH promo cd singles". nirvana-discography.com. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  43. Schube, Will (October 8, 2021). "Nirvana Shares 1992 Performance of 'Lithium' Off 'Nevermind' Reissue". uDiscover Music. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  44. Todd, Nate (October 11, 2021). "Nirvana Shares 'Lithium' From 'Nevermind' Reissue". JamBase. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  45. Grow, Kory (November 12, 2021). "Hear Nirvana Grow Up Fast in New 'Nevermind' Box Set". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  46. Goldberg, Danny (2019). Serving the Servant: Remembering Kurt Cobain (First ed.). New York: Ecco Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0062861504.
  47. Azerrad (1994), p. 259.
  48. "100 Greatest Rock Tracks Ever". Kerrang!. No. 746. April 17, 1999. p. 36. Retrieved August 26, 2019. As voted for by readers
  49. "Readers' Poll: The 10 Best Nirvana Songs". Rolling Stone. April 10, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  50. Thomas Erlewine, Stephen (September 21, 2023). "Essential Nirvana: Their 30 greatest songs, ranked". The A.V. Club. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  51. Nevermind (CD liner notes). Nirvana. DGC. 1991.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  52. "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart — Week Ending 13 Sep 1992". ARIA. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  53. Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 204.
  54. "ARIA Top 20 Alternative Charts". ARIA Report. No. 130. July 26, 1992. p. 13. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  55. "Nirvana – Lithium" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
  56. "Radio2 top 30: 22 August 1992" (in Dutch). Radio 2. Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  57. "Top RPM Singles: Issue 1980." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  58. "Contemporary Album Radio". The Record. July 27, 1992. p. 20. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
  59. Schlüter, Johan (March 5, 1993). "Official Danish Singles Top 50". IFPI Danmark Report. No. Week 10. IFPI Danmark, AC/ Nielsen Marketing Research. This is the 1993 re-entry peak as original 1992 Top 30 peak currently unsourcable
  60. "Eurochart Top 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. August 22, 1992. p. 23. Retrieved January 27, 2023. Key: DK = Denmark
  61. "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. August 15, 1992. p. 17. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  62. "Top Ten Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. August 8, 1992. p. 14. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  63. "Top Ten Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. August 1, 1992. p. 32. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  64. Pennanen, Timo. Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd, 2003. ISBN 951-1-21053-X.
  65. "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Lithium". Irish Singles Chart.
  66. Salvatori, Dario. (1999). 40 anni di hit parade italiana: [le canzoni, gli interpreti, i record e le curiosità di tutte le classifiche dal 1957 a oggi]. Firenze: Tarab. ISBN 88-86675-55-0
  67. "M & D". musicaedischi.it (in Italian). Retrieved March 21, 2023. User must do a "singles" search for "Nirvana"
  68. "Nederlandse Top 40 – Nirvana" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
  69. "Nirvana – Lithium" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
  70. "Nirvana – Lithium". Top 40 Singles.
  71. "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 10, no. 22. May 29, 1993. p. 34. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
  72. Salaverri, Fernando. Sólo éxitos, año an año, 1959-2002. Madrid: Fundación Author-SGAE, 2005. ISBN 84-8048-639-2, p. 602.
  73. "National Airplay - Sweden" (PDF). Music & Media. September 12, 1992. p. 14. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  74. "Charts - Top 50 Network Singles". Melody Maker. MRIB. August 1, 1992. p. 28. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  75. "Charts". NME. MRIB. August 1, 1992. p. 50. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  76. "Nirvana: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
  77. "Top 50 Airplay Chart" (PDF). Music Week. ERA (Entertainment Retailers Association). August 8, 1992. p. 14. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  78. "Nirvana Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
  79. "Nirvana Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard.
  80. "Nirvana Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard.
  81. "Cash Box Charts - Top 100 Pop Singles" (PDF). Cashbox. September 5, 1992. p. 4. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
  82. "AOR Tracks" (PDF). Radio & Records. Radio & Records. July 24, 1992. p. 61. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  83. "AOR Tracks - Songs Reaching Top 15 in 1992" (PDF). Radio & Records. Radio & Records. December 11, 1992. p. 50. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  84. "Top National Sellers" (PDF). Music & Media. January 20, 1996. p. 15. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  85. "Nirvana – Singles" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  86. "AOR Tracks - The Top 92 of 1992" (PDF). Radio & Records. Radio & Records. December 11, 1992. p. 49. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  87. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2021 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  88. "Italian single certifications – Nirvana – Lithium" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved November 8, 2021. Select "2021" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Lithium" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
  89. "British single certifications – Nirvana – Lithium". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  90. Monroe, Jazz. "Nirvana Reissuing In Utero With 2 Unreleased Live Albums for 30th Anniversary". Pitchfork. No. 5 September 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  91. Deaux, John (September 5, 2023). "Nirvana In Utero: 30th anniversary multi-format reissues arrive October 27, 2023". allabouttherock.co.uk. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  92. "Bruce Lash - "Lithium" (Nirvana Cover)". Complex Networks. February 14, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  93. Perez, Rodrigo (November 18, 2008). "Bruce Lash Covers Nirvana's 'Lithium' For 'Marley And Me'". The Playlist. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  94. Ferraro, Pietro (January 4, 2021). "Tonight on tv: "lo & Marley" on Rai 2". cineblog.it. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  95. Zacharek, Stephanie (December 25, 2008). "Marley & Me". Salon.com. Retrieved August 22, 2022.

Sources:

  • Classic Albums—Nirvana: Nevermind [DVD]. Isis Productions, 2004.
  • Azerrad, Michael (1994). Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-47199-8.
  • Berkenstadt, James; Cross, Charles R. (1998). Nirvana: Nevermind. Classic Rock Albums. Schirmer Trade Books. ISBN 0-02-864775-0.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Nevermind.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.