Geography of Cyprus

Skiriotissa mine

This image, photographed from the International Space Station in 2013, shows the three distinct geologic regions of the island. In the central and western part of the island is the Troodos Massif, a mountain range whose surface layer is mostly basaltic lava rock, and whose maximum elevation is 1,952 m (6,404 ft). Running in a thin arc along the northeast margin of the island is Cyprus's second mountain range, a limestone formation called the Kyrenia Range. The space between these ranges is home to the capital Nicosia, visible as a grayish-brown patch near the image's centre.

Topography

Detailed map of Cyprus

The rugged Troodos Mountains, whose principal range stretches from Pomos Point in the northwest almost to Larnaca Bay on the east, are the single most conspicuous feature of the landscape.[4] Intensive uplifting and folding in the formative period left the area highly fragmented, so that subordinate ranges and spurs veer off at many angles, their slopes incised by steep-sided valleys.[4] In the southwest, the mountains descend in a series of stepped foothills to the coastal plain.[4]

While the Troodos Mountains are a massif formed of molten igneous rock, the Kyrenia Range is a narrow limestone ridge that rises suddenly from the plains.[4] Its easternmost extension becomes a series of foothills on the Karpas Peninsula.[4] That peninsula points toward Asia Minor, to which Cyprus belongs geologically.[4] The Kyrenia Range is also known as the Pentadactylon Mountains, due to a summit resembling five fingers.

Even the highest peaks of the Kyrenia Range are hardly more than half the height of the great dome of the Troodos massif, Mount Olympus (1,952 m or 6,404 ft),[5] but their seemingly inaccessible, jagged slopes make them considerably more spectacular.[4] British writer Lawrence Durrell, in Bitter Lemons, wrote of the Troodos as "an unlovely jumble of crags and heavyweight rocks" and of the Kyrenia Range as belonging to "the world of Gothic Europe, its lofty crags studded with crusader castles."[4]

Rich copper deposits were discovered in antiquity on the slopes of the Troodos.[4] The massive sulphide deposits formed as a part of an ophiolite complex at a spreading centre under the Mediterranean Sea which was tectonically uplifted during the Pleistocene and emplaced in its current location.[6]

In much of the island, access to a year-round supply of water is difficult.[4] This is traditionally attributed to deforestation which damaged the island's drainage system through erosion,[4] but Grove and Rackham question this view.[7] A network of winter rivers rises in the Troodos Mountains and flows out from them in all directions.[4] The Yialias River and the Pedhieos River flow eastward across the Mesaoria into Famagusta Bay; the Serraghis River flows northwest through the Morphou plain.[4] All of the island's rivers, however, are dry in the summer.[4] An extensive system of dams and waterways has been constructed to bring water to farming areas.[4]

The Mesaoria is the agricultural heartland of the island, but its productiveness for wheat and barley depends very much on winter rainfall; other crops are grown under irrigation.[4] Little evidence remains that this broad, central plain, open to the sea at either end, was once covered with rich forests whose timber was coveted by ancient conquerors for their sailing vessels.[4] The now-divided capital of the island, Nicosia, lies in the middle of this central plain.[4]

Cyprus countryside on the way to Troodos Mountains during the summer

Despite its small size, Cyprus has a variety of natural vegetation. This includes forests of conifers and broadleaved trees such as pine (Pinus brutia), cedar, cypresses and oaks. Ancient authors write that most of Cyprus, even Messaoria, was heavily forested, and there are still considerable forests on the Troodos and Kyrenia ranges, and locally at lower altitudes. About 17% of the whole island is classified as woodland. Where there is no forest, tall shrub communities of golden oak (Quercus alnifolia), strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne), terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus), olive (Olea europaea), kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) and styrax (Styrax officinalis) are found, but such maquis is uncommon. Over most of the island untilled ground bears a grazed covering of garrigue, largely composed of low bushes of Cistus, Genista sphacelata, Calicotome villosa, Lithospermum hispidulum, Phaganalon rupestre and, locally, Pistacia lentiscus. Where grazing is excessive this covering is soon reduced, and an impoverished batha remains, consisting principally of Thymus capitatus, Sarcopoterium spinosum, and a few stunted herbs.

Sandstorm in the Levant, October 19, 2002

The Mediterranean climate, warm and rather dry, with rainfall mainly between November and March, favours agriculture.[4] In general, the island experiences mild wet winters and dry hot summers.[4] Variations in temperature and rainfall are governed by altitude and, to a lesser extent, distance from the coast.[4] Hot, dry summers from mid-May to mid-September and rainy, rather changeable winters from November to mid-March are separated by short autumn and spring seasons.

Area:
Total: 9,251 km² (of which 5,896 km² (2,276 sq mi) are under the control of the Republic of Cyprus and of which 3,355 km² (1,295 sq mi) are under the administration of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus)
Land: 9,241 km²
Water: 10 km²

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 648 km

Maritime claims:
Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive Economic Zone: 98,707 km² (38,111 sq mi)

Elevation extremes:
Lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Highest point: Olympus 1,952 m[5]

Natural resources: copper, pyrite, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment

Land use:
arable land: 9.90%
permanent crops: 3.24%
other: 86.86% (2012)

Irrigated land: 457.9 km² (2007)

Total renewable water resources: 0.78 km³ (2011)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 0.18 km³/yr (10%/3%/86%)
per capital: 164.7 m³/yr (2009)

• 
  Administrative map of Cyprus
• 
  Population map of the Republic of Cyprus
• 
  Population density map of the Republic of Cyprus
• 
  Municipalities and communities map of Cyprus
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  District map of Cyprus
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  Population distribution of Cyprus in 1960

Natural hazards: moderate earthquake activity; droughts

Environment – current issues: water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization.

Environment – international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none

• Geology of Cyprus
• List of Cyprus islets
• List of dams and reservoirs in Cyprus
• List of rivers of Cyprus

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Cyprus.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cyprus (island).

• Official Cyprus Government Web Site Archived 2006-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
• Embassy of Greece, USA – Cyprus: Geographical and Historical Background

Attribution:

•  This article incorporates public domain material from "Cyprus". The World Factbook (2023 ed.). CIA. Retrieved 25 September 2022.