Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia

The party was formed in 1989 by a congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), which decided to create a party for the territories of Bohemia and Moravia (including Czech Silesia), the areas that were to become the Czech Republic. The new party's organization was significantly more democratic and decentralized than the previous party, and gave local district branches of the party significant autonomy.[17]

In 1990, KSČ was reorganized as a federation of KSČM and the Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS). Later, KSS changed its name to the Party of the Democratic Left, and the federation dissolved in 1992. During the party's first congress, held in Olomouc in October 1990, party leader Jiří Svoboda attempted to reform the party into a democratic socialist one, proposing a democratic socialist program and changing the name to the transitional Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia: Party of Democratic Socialism.[18] Svoboda had to balance the criticisms of older, conservative communists, who made up a majority of the party's members, with the demands of an increasingly large and moderate bloc of members, led primarily by a group of young KSČM parliamentarians called the Democratic Left, who demanded the immediate social democratization of the party. Delegates approved the new program but rejected the name change.[10]

During 1991 and 1992, factional tensions increased, with the party's conservative, anti-revisionist wing increasingly vocal in criticizing Svoboda. There was an increase in popularity of the anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist clubs amongst rank-and-file party members. On the party's other wing, the Democratic Left became increasingly critical of the slow pace of the reforms and began demanding a referendum of members to change the name. In December 1991, the Democratic Left split off and formed the short-lived Party of Democratic Labour. The referendum on changing the name was held in 1992, with 75.94% voting not to change the name.[10]

The party's second congress, held in Kladno in December 1992, showed the increasing popularity of the party's anti-revisionist wing. It passed resolutions reinterpreting the 1990 program as a "starting point" for KSČM, rather than a definitive statement of a post-communist program. Svoboda, who was hospitalized due to an attack by an anti-communist, could not attend the congress but was nevertheless overwhelmingly re-elected.[10] After the party's second congress in 1992, several groups split away. A group of post-communist delegates split off and merged with the Party of Democratic Labour to form the Party of the Democratic Left (SDL). Several independent left-wing members who had participated with KSČM in the 1992 electoral pact, which was called the Left Bloc, left the party to form the Left Bloc Party.[17] Both groups eventually merged into the Party of Democratic Socialism.[19]

In 1993, Svoboda attempted to expel the members of the "For Socialism" platform, a group in the party that wanted a restoration of the pre-1989 Communist regime;[20] however, with only the lukewarm support of KSČM's central committee, he briefly resigned. He withdrew his resignation after the central committee agreed to move the party's next congress forward to June 1993 to resolve the issues of its name and ideology.[17] At the 1993 congress, held in Prostějov, Svoboda's proposals were overwhelmingly rejected by two-thirds majorities. Svoboda did not seek re-election as chairman, and neocommunist Miroslav Grebeníček was elected chairman. Grebeníček and his supporters were critical of what they termed the inadequacies of the pre-1989 regime but supported the retention of the party's communist character and program. The members of the "For Socialism" platform were expelled at the congress, with the existence of platforms in the party being banned altogether, on the grounds that they gave too much influence to minority groups. Svoboda left the party.[17]

The expelled members of "For Socialism" formed the Party of Czechoslovak Communists, later renamed the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, which was led by Miroslav Štěpán.[19] KSČM refuses to work with this group. The party was left on the sidelines for most of the first decade of the Czech Republic's existence. Václav Havel suspected KSČM was still an unreconstructed neo-Stalinist party and prevented it from having any influence during his presidency; however, the party provided the one-vote margin that elected Havel's successor Václav Klaus as president.[21] After a long-running battle with the Ministry of the Interior, the Communist Youth Union led by Milan Krajča, was dissolved in 2006 for allegedly endorsing in its program the replacement of private with collective ownership of the means of production.[13] The decision met with international protests.[22]

In November 2008, the Czech Senate asked the Supreme Administrative Court to dissolve KSČM because of its political program, which the Senate argued contradicted the Constitution of the Czech Republic. 30 out of the 38 senators who were present agreed to this request, and expressed the view that the party's program did not reject violence as a means of attaining power and adopted The Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx;[23] however, this was only a symbolic gesture, as according to the constitution only the cabinet may file a petition to the Supreme Administrative Court to dissolve a political party. For the first two decades after the end of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, the party was politically isolated. After the 2012 Czech regional elections, it started participating in coalitions with the Czech Social Democratic Party, forming part of the ruling coalition in 10 out of 13 regions.[12] From 2018 to 2021, KSČM provided parliamentary support to Andrej Babiš' Second Cabinet.[24][25]

After the party's poor performance in the 2021 Czech legislative election, in which KSČM failed to reach the 5% voting threshold and was excluded from representation in parliament for the first time in its history, Filip resigned as leader of the party.[26] On 23 October 2021, Member of European Parliament Kateřina Konečná was elected as leader.[27]

As a communist party and the successor of the former ruling Communist Party of Czechoslovakia,[1] its party platform promotes anti-capitalism[28] and socialism[29] through a Marxist lens.[30] It holds Eurosceptic views in regards to the European Union.[31][32][33]

KSČM's strongest bases of support are in the regions hit by deindustrialization, particularly in the Karlovy Vary and Ústí nad Labem regions. In 2012, the party won a regional election for the first time in Ústí nad Labem. Its regional leader Oldřich Bubeníček subsequently became the first communist regional governor in the history of Czech Republic.[34] The party is stronger among older than younger voters, with the majority of its membership over 60.[35] The party is also stronger in small and medium-sized towns than in big cities.[36]

Parliament

A protest against the election of Zdeněk Ondráček

A May Day meeting in Brno organized by the party

Former party leader Vojtěch Filip

Chamber of Deputies

Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic
Year	Leader	Votes	%	Seats	±	Place	Position
1990	Jiří Machalík	954,690	13.2	33 / 200	New	2nd	Opposition
1992	Jiří Svoboda	909,490	14.0[lower-alpha 1]	35 / 200	2	2nd	Opposition
1996	Miroslav Grebeníček	626,136	10.3	22 / 200	13	3rd	Opposition
1998	Miroslav Grebeníček	658,550	11.0	24 / 200	2	3rd	Opposition
2002	Miroslav Grebeníček	882,653	18.5	41 / 200	17	3rd	Opposition
2006	Vojtěch Filip	685,328	12.8	26 / 200	15	3rd	Opposition
2010	Vojtěch Filip	589,765	11.3	26 / 200	0	4th	Opposition
2013	Vojtěch Filip	741,044	14.9	33 / 200	7	3rd	Opposition
2017	Vojtěch Filip	393,100	7.8	15 / 200	18	5th	Confidence and supply
2021	Vojtěch Filip	193,817	3.6	0 / 200	15	7th	No seats

Notes

1. In 1992, KSČM participated in the Left Bloc, an electoral alliance with smaller left-wing groups and independents.[lower-alpha 2]
2. Bozóki & Ishiyama 2002, p. 146.

Senate

Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic
Year	First round		Second round		No. of seats won	No. of overall seats won	±
	Votes	%	Votes	%
1996	393,494	14.3	45,304	2.0	2 / 81	2 / 81	New
1998	159,123	16.5	31,097	5.8	2 / 27	4 / 81	2
2000	152,934	17.8	73,372	13.0	0 / 27	3 / 81	1
2002	110,171	16.5	57,434	7.0	1 / 27	3 / 81	0
2004	125,892	17.4	65,136	13.6	1 / 27	2 / 81	1
2006	134,863	12.7	26,001	4.5	0 / 27	2 / 81	0
2008	147,186	14.1	did not make it	did not make it	1 / 27	3 / 81	1
2010	117,374	10.2	did not make it	did not make it	0 / 27	2 / 81	1
2012	153,335	17.4	79,663	15.5	1 / 27	2 / 81	0
2014	99,973	9.74	did not make it	did not make it	0 / 27	1 / 81	1
2016	83,741	9.50	5,737	1.35	0 / 27	1 / 81	0
2018	80,371	7.38	3,578	0.86	0 / 27	0 / 81	1
2020	40,994	4.11	did not make it	did not make it	0 / 27	0 / 81	0
2022	17,612	1.6	did not make it	did not make it	0 / 27	0 / 81	0

European Parliament

European Parliament
Year	Votes	%	Seats	±
2004	472,862	20.3	6 / 24	New
2009	334,577	14.2	4 / 22	2
2014	166,478	11.0	3 / 21	1
2019	164,624	6.9	1 / 21	2

Regional councils

Year	Votes	%	Seats	±	Place
2000	496,688	21.1	161 / 675	New	3rd
2004	416,807	19.7	157 / 675		2nd
2008	438,024	15.0	114 / 675		3rd
2012	538,953	20.4	182 / 675		2nd
2016	267,047	10.6	86 / 675		3rd
2020	131,770	4.8	13 / 675		9th

• Bozóki, András; Ishiyama, John (2002). The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9780765609861.

• Hough, Dan; Paterson, William E.; Sloam, James, eds. (2005). Learning from the West? Policy Transfer and Programmatic Change in the Communist Successor Parties of East Central Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9780415373166.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Komunistická strana Čech a Moravy.

• KSČM website
• Communist Youth Union website