Czech declension

pán – sir, lord; kluk – boy; host – guest; manžel – husband; muž – man; kůň – horse; učitel – teacher; otec – father; předseda – chairman; turista – tourist; cyklista – cyclist; kolega – colleague; soudce – judge; mluvčí -speaker, spokesman

hrad – castle; les – forest; zámek – chateau, lock; stroj – machine

Latin words ending -us are declined according to the paradigm pán (animate) or hrad (inanimate) as if there were no -us ending in the nominative: Brutus, Bruta, Brutovi, Bruta, Brute, Brutovi, Brutem

žena – woman; škola – school; husa – goose; ulice – street; růže – rose; píseň – song; postel – bed; dveře – door; kost – bone; ves – village

město – town; jablko – apple; moře – sea; letiště – airport; kuře – chicken; stavení – building, house; Latin words ending -um are declined according to the paradigm město: muzeum, muzea, muzeu, muzeum ...

The parts of the body have irregular, originally dual, declension, especially in the plural forms, but only when used to refer to the parts of the body and not in metaphorical contexts. For example, when "noha" (leg) is used to refer to the part of the body, it declines as below, but when used to refer to a leg on a chair or table, it declines regularly (according to žena).

oko – eye, ucho – ear, rameno – shoulder, koleno – knee, ruka – hand/arm, noha – foot/leg.

bůh – god, člověk – person, lidé – people, obyvatel – resident, přítel – friend

Submodels of feminine declension

dcera – daughter, ulice – street

Submodels of neuter declension

vejce – egg, letiště – airport

Other cases of special inflection

loket – elbow, dvůr – courtyard, čest – honour, zeď – wall, loď – boat

mladý – young

jarní – spring, vernal

Possessive adjectives are formed from animate singular nouns (masculine and feminine):

otec (father) -> otcův (father's)

matka (mother) -> matčin (mother's)

Examples:

otcův dům – father's house

matčino auto – mother's car

Possessive adjectives are often used in the names of streets, squares, buildings, etc.:

Neruda -> Nerudova ulice (Neruda street)

but:

Jan Neruda -> ulice Jana Nerudy (noun genitive)

partyzáni (partisans, guerilla) -> ulice Partyzánů

The comparative is formed by the suffix -ejší, -ější, -ší, or -í (there is no simple rule which suffix should be used).

The superlative is formed by adding the prefix nej- to the comparative.

Examples:

krásný – krásnější – nejkrásnější (beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful)

hladký – hladší – nejhladší (smooth – smoother – the smoothest)

tenký – tenčí – nejtenčí (slim – slimmer – the slimmest)

snadný – snazší, snadnější – nejsnazší, nejsnadnější (easy – easier – the easiest)

zadní – zazší, zadnější – nejzazší, nejzadnější (posterior – more posterior – the most posterior)

úzký – užší – nejužší (narrow – narrower – the narrowest)

měkký – měkčí – nejměkčí (soft – softer – the softest)

The comparative and the superlative can be also formed by the words více (more)/méně (less) and nejvíce (most)/nejméně (least):

spokojený – více/méně spokojený – nejvíce/nejméně spokojený (satisfied – more/less satisfied – the most/least satisfied)

Irregular comparisons:

dobrý – lepší – nejlepší (good – better – the best)

zlý/špatný – horší – nejhorší (ill/bad – worse – the worst)

velký – větší – největší (big – bigger – the biggest)

malý – menší – nejmenší (small/little – smaller/less – the smallest/least)

dlouhý – delší – nejdelší (long – longer – the longest)

svatý – světější – nejsvětější (holy – holier – the holiest)

bílý – bělejší – nejbělejší (white – whiter – the whitest)

There are also short forms in some adjectives. They are used in the nominative and are regarded as literary in the contemporary language. They are related to active and passive participles. (See Czech verb)

Example:

On je ještě příliš mlád. = On je ještě příliš mladý. (He is still too young.)

Rád is used in a short form only: Jsem rád, že jste přišli. (I am glad that you came.)

In some singular cases, short forms of pronouns are possible, which are clitics. They cannot be used with prepositions. They are unstressed, therefore they cannot be the first words in sentences. Usually they appear in second place in a sentence or clause, obeying Wackernagel's Law. Examples:

Nedávej mi to. Don't give it to me.

Mně to nedávej. Don't give it to me. (emphasizing mně)

Přijď ke mně. Come to me.

In 3rd person (singular and plural) j-forms are used without prepositions, n-forms are used after prepositions:

Ukaž mu to. or Ukaž to jemu. (emphasizing jemu) Show it to him.

Přišla k němu. She came to him.

Accusative forms jej (on), je, ně (ono) are usually regarded as archaic.

They: oni – masculine animate gender, ony – masculine inanimate and feminine genders, ona – neuter gender

Reflexive personal pronoun

Reflexive personal pronoun is used when the object is identical to the subject. It has no nominative form and it is the same for all persons and numbers. It is translated into English as myself, yourself, himself, etc.

Example:

Vidím se (sebe) v zrcadle. I see myself in the mirror.

Short form se and si are again clitics; often they are a part of reflexive verbs and as such are not usually translated into English explicitly:

Posaď se./Sedni si. Sit down.

Můj – my Tvůj – your

Jeho – his, its
This pronoun is indeclinable.

Její – her

Náš – our Váš – your

Jejich – their
This pronoun is indeclinable.

Reflexive possessive pronoun

The reflexive possessive pronoun is used when the possessor is also the subject (my own, your own, etc.). It is identical for all persons.

Examples:

Vidím svého otce. I see my father.

Vidíš svého otce. You see your father.

Compare:

On vidí svého otce. He sees his father. (his own father)

On vidí jeho otce. He sees his father. (the father of someone else)

Ten – the, this, that

Tenhle, tahle, tohle/tento, tato, toto (this) and tamten, tamta, tamto (that) are declined as ten + to (tento, tohoto, tomuto ...), resp. tam + ten (tamten, tamtoho, tamtomu ...).
Onen, ona, ono (that – not to be confused with personal pronouns) is declined as ten (onen, onoho, onomu ...).

To is often used as personal pronoun instead of ono (it):

Dej mi to. Give it to me.

"To je/jsou" means "this is/these are" and is used for all genders and both numbers:

To je můj přítel. This is my friend. (Přítel is masculine.)

To jsou mí přátelé. These are my friends.

Kdo – who Co – what

Který – which, who
declined as mladý

Jaký – what, what kind, what type
declined as mladý

Compare:

Co je to? What is it/this?

Jaké je to? What is it like, what kind is it, what type is it?

Čí – whose
declined as jarní

Jenž – which, who

Jenž is not an interrogative pronoun, it is equivalent to který (as a relative pronoun):

Vidím muže, který/jenž právě přichází. I can see a man who is just coming.

někdo, kdos(i) (old) – somebody, someone
nikdo – nobody, no one
kdokoli(v) – anyone
leckdo(s), leda(s)kdo, kdekdo – many people, frequently/commonly someone
declined like kdo (někdo, někoho, někomu, …; nikdo, nikoho, nikomu, …; kdokoli, kohokoli, komukoli, …; leckdo, leckoho, leckomu, …)

něco – something
nic – nothing
cokoli(v) – anything
lecco(s), ledaco(s), leda(s)co, kdeco – many things, frequently/commonly something
declined like co (něco, něčeho, něčemu, …; nic, ničeho, ničemu, …; cokoli, čehokoli, čemukoli, …; lecos, lecčeho, lecčemu, …)

někde – somewhere
nikde – nowhere
kdekoli(v) – anywhere
všude – everywhere; less frequently: any path/direction/trajectory
leckde, leda(s)kde – on many/frequent/common places, wherever
někudy, kudysi (old) – some path/direction/trajectory
nikudy – no path/direction/trajectory
kdekudy – any path/direction/trajectory
odněkud, odkudsi (old) – from somewhere
odnikud – from nowhere
odevšad – from everywhere/every direction/every angle
kdesi (old) – somewhere more specific
not declined

všelijak – in all ways
nějak, jaksi (old) – somehow (colloquial tak nějak – in a way, somewhat, quite, rather)
nijak, nikterak (old) – in no way
jakkoli(v), kdejak (old) – in any way, anyhow
not declined

každý – each, each one
nějaký – some, one, a(n)
některý – some, particular, selected (little more specific than nějaký)
kterýsi (old), jakýsi (old) – some, someone (more specific)
žádný – none, no (as in "no man has ever been there")
nijaký – no whatsoever; of no properties (specifically)
jakýkoli(v), kterýkoli – any
lecjaký, leda(s)jaký, kdejaký, kdekterý – frequently/commonly some, whichever
všelijaký – getting many forms, various
veškerý – entire, total, all
declined like mladý

něčí, čísi (old) – belonging to someone or something
ničí – belonging to no one or nothing
číkoli – belonging to any one or anything
lecčí, leda(s)čí, kdečí – belonging to many or frequent/common number of owners, whosever
declined like jarní

Example: –„Tam se asi nikdo nedostane.‟ –„Ne, tam přijímají ledaskoho. Leckdy i se špatnými známkami. Skoro každý se tam dostane, ať už jakkoli, ale ne jen tak kdokoli dokončí studia.‟ (–"I guess no one gets there." –"No, they admit many people there. In many cases/frequently/commonly even with bad marks. Almost everyone gets there, no matter how, but not just anyone will finish the studies.")

Czech grammar allows more than one negative word to exist in a sentence. For example: „Tady nikde nikdy nikdo nijak odnikud nikam nepostoupí.‟, standing for: "Anywhere around here, no one will ever progress from any place anywhere in any way." (literally, word by word: "Here nowhere never nobody no way anywhence anywhere won't progress."), uses six negatives in adverbs and pronouns and one at verb while still being grammatically correct. It uses negative form in questions, expressing doubts, wishes, asking for favours, etc. like, for example: „Neměl bys být už ve škole?!‟ ("Shouldn't you be at school already?!"); „Neměl byste na mě pár minut čas?‟ ("Wouldn't you have few minutes of Your time for me?"); „Nemáš náhodou papír a tužku?‟ ("Don't you, by chance, happen to have a paper and some pencil?"); „Přišel jsem se tě zeptat, jestli bychom si nemohli vyměnit směny.‟ ("I came to ask if we could not swap our shifts.")