Alcide d'Orbigny

Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (6 September 1802 – 30 June 1857) was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology (including malacology), palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology.

"d'Orbigny" redirects here. For other uses, see d'Orbigny (disambiguation).

Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny
Born6 September 1802 (1802-09-06)
Couëron, France
Died30 June 1857 (1857-07-01) (aged 54)
Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
NationalityFrench
Known formalacology, fossils, palaeontology
Scientific career
FieldsNatural history
InstitutionsMuséum National d'Histoire Naturelle

D'Orbigny was born in Couëron (Loire-Atlantique), the son of a ship's physician and amateur naturalist. The family moved to La Rochelle in 1820, where his interest in natural history was developed while studying the marine fauna and especially the microscopic creatures that he named "foraminiferans".

In Paris he became a disciple of the geologist Pierre Louis Antoine Cordier (1777–1861) and Georges Cuvier. All his life, he would follow the theory of Cuvier and stay opposed to Lamarckism.

South American era

D'Orbigny travelled on a mission for the Paris Museum, in South America between 1826 and 1833. He visited Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil, and returned to France with an enormous collection of more than 10,000 natural history specimens. He described part of his findings in La Relation du Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale pendant les annés 1826 à 1833 (Paris, 1824–47, in 90 fascicles). The other specimens were described by zoologists at the museum.

His contemporary, Charles Darwin, arrived in South America in 1832, and on hearing that he had been preceded, grumbled that D'Orbigny had probably collected "the cream of all the good things".[1] Darwin later called D'Orbigny's Voyage a "most important work".[2] They went on to correspond, with D'Orbigny describing some of Darwin's specimens.

He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie of Paris in 1834.[3] The South American Paleocene pantodont Alcidedorbignya was named in his honour.[4]

1840 and later
On the shore of Rio Magdalen. Image from Voyages pittoresque dans les deux Amériques

In 1840, d'Orbigny started the methodical description of French fossils and published La Paléontologie Française (8 vols). In 1849 he published a closely related Prodrome de Paléontologie Stratigraphique, intended as a "Preface to Stratigraphic Palaeontology", in which he described almost 18,000 species, and with biostratigraphical comparisons erected geological stages, the definitions of which rest on their stratotypes.

In 1853 he became professor of palaeontology at the Paris Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, publishing his Cours élémentaire that related paleontology to zoology, as a science independent of the uses made of it in stratigraphy.[5] The chair of paleontology was created especially in his honor. The d'Orbigny collection is housed in the Salle d'Orbigny and is often visited by experts.[6]

He described the geological timescales and defined numerous geological strata, still used today as chronostratigraphic reference such as Toarcian, Callovian, Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, Aptian, Albian and Cenomanian. He died in the small town of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, near Paris.

Catastrophism

D'Orbigny, a disciple of Georges Cuvier, was a notable advocate of catastrophism.[7]

He recognized twenty-seven catastrophes in the fossil record.[8] This became known as the "doctrine of successive creations".[8][9] He attempted to reconcile the fossil record with the Genesis creation narrative. Both uniformitarian geologists and theologians rejected his idea of successive creations.[9]

Palaeontologist Carroll Lane Fenton has noted that his idea of twenty-seven world-wide creations was "absurd", even for creationists.[10] L. Sprague de Camp has written that "Alcide d'Orbigny, carried the idea to absurdity. Dragging in the supernatural, d'Orbigny argued that, on twenty-seven separate occasions, God had wiped out all life on earth and started over with a whole new creation."[11]

Taxa

Several zoological and botanical taxa were named in his honor, including the following genera and species.

Illustration of Potamotrygon orbignyi by Castelnau.

In the above list, a taxon author or binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than the genus to which the species is currently assigned.

Publications
  • d'Orbigny, Alcide (1843). Paléontologie française. Description zoologique et géologique de tous les animaux mollusques & rayonnés fossiles de France. Vol. 3. Paris: Arthus Bertrand. p. 807. Retrieved 26 August 2013.

The standard author abbreviation A.D.Orb. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[16]

References
  1. "letter: 192, Darwin, C. R. to Henslow, J. S. [26 Oct–] 24 Nov 1832". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  2. "letter: 391, Darwin, C. R. to Jenyns, Leonard, 3 Dec [1837]". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  3. "Grande Médaille d'or des Explorations et Voyages de Découverte" (in French). Société de géographie. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  4. "Alcidedorbignya". Paleofile.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  5. "Conception et suites de la Paléontologie française d'Alcide d'Orbigny", Comptes Rendus Paleologiques 1.7 (December 2002) pp. 599–613.
  6. Agnès Lauriat-Rag, "La collection d'Invertébrés fossiles d'Alcide d'Orbigny et la salle d'Orbigny", Comptes Rendus Paleologiques 1.7 (December 2002) pp. 615–627.
  7. Huggett, Richard J. (1998). Catastrophism: Asteroids, Comets and Other Dynamic Events in Earth History. Verso. p. 95. ISBN 1-85984-129-5
  8. Singer, Charles Joseph. (1931). The Story of Living Things: A Short Account of the Evolution of the Biological Sciences. Harper & Bros. p. 232
  9. Prothero, Donald R. (2013). Bringing Fossils to Life: An Introduction to Paleobiology. Columbia University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-231-15893-0
  10. Fenton, Carroll Lane. (1933). The World Of Fossils. D. Appleton-Century Company. p. 162
  11. De Camp, Lyon Sprague. (1968). The Great Monkey Trial. Doubleday p. 184. ISBN 0-385-04625-1
  12. Beolens et al.
  13. (in French) de Grossouvre (A.), 1930. Note sur le Bathonien moyen. Livre jubilaire. Centenaire de la Société Géologique de France, t. 2, pp. 361–387  ·
  14. (in French) Gérard C. & Contaut H., « Les ammonites de la zone à Peltoceras athleta du Centre-Ouest de la France », Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, Paris, vol. 29, 1936, p. 100
  15. (in French) Pierre Hantzpergue, Les ammonites kimméridgiennes du haut-fond d'Europe occidentale. Biochronologie, systématique, évolution, paléogéographie, Cahiers de paléontologie, éditions du CNRS, 1989, p. 428
  16. International Plant Names Index.  A.D.Orb.

La Gazette des Français du Paraguay, Alcide d'Orbigny – Voyageur Naturaliste pour le Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle dans le Cone Sud – Alcide d'Orbigny – Viajero Naturalista para el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Francia en el Cono Sur – Bilingue Français Espagnol – numéro 7, année 1, Asuncion Paraguay.

Further reading
  • Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("D'Orbigny", p. 74, "Orbigny", p. 195).
  • Taylor, W. Thomas; Taylor, Michael L. (2011). "Alcide d'Orbignyi". Aves: A Survey of the Literature of Neotropical Ornithology. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Libraries. 156 pp. ISBN 978-0615453637.
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