1938 Dalfram dispute

The Dalfram dispute of 1938 (15 November 1938 to 21 January 1939) was a political industrial dispute at Port Kembla, New South Wales, protesting the export of pig iron from Australia to Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It became famous for providing the nickname of Pig Iron Bob to Attorney General Robert Menzies, later to serve as Prime Minister.[1][2]

Dalfram dispute of 1938
Date15 November 1938 (1938-11-15) – 21 January 1939 (1939-01-21)
OutcomeWorkers returned to work "under protest"

Pig iron for Japan

In November 1938 wharf labourers, members of the Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia, lead by Ted Roach, refused to load pig iron onto the steamship SS Dalfram headed for Japan. The ship was chartered by Mitsui to supply the Japan Steel Works Ltd in Kobe, a part of a contract for 300,000 tons of pig-iron. The Japan Steel Works was producing military materials for the undeclared war in China.[2]

The dispute followed the Japanese Massacre in Nanking in 1937 during Japan's military expansion into China.

The Australian Council of Trade Unions in October 1937 called for a boycott of Japanese goods and an embargo on the export of iron to Japan in response to the Japanese aggression.[3][4] Trade unions and many workers argued that the pig iron would be used in bombs and munitions in the invasion of China and articulated that they may also be used against Australia.[5]

The Dalfram was not the first protest against Japanese militarism. In Newcastle during October 1937 Chinese crew deserted the British steamer, SS Silksworth, in protest against the Japanese seizure of all major seaports in China. Sanctuary was given to the Chinese seamen by labour activists. After their successful protest they returned to the ship only when they were promised disembarkation at Singapore.[6][7] During 1937 the slogan ’No Scrap for the Jap’ started appearing on wharves and union offices around Australia.[2]

Fremantle waterside workers refused to load supplies on a Japanese whaling vessel in September 1937. In October 1937 Sydney waterside workers walked off the Tamon Maru when they learned that scrap iron was on board and destined for Japan. That month the Waterside Workers' Federation were successful in getting support from the ACTU in organising an embargo or boycott of Japanese imports and exports. Other bans were applied in Port Adelaide, Hobart and Brisbane.

But it was the coercive conditions of the Transport Workers Act 1928, better known by the workers as the Dog Collar Act, that motivated caution in industrial action by the union movement of the time.[8]

The dispute highlighted a clear contradiction in Australian Foreign policy towards Japanese military expansion and aggression. In May 1938 the Joseph Lyons Government announced the embargo of iron ore from Yampi Sound in Western Australia to Japan, citing that there were only limited quantities that were needed for local production.[9][10] There were no moves to stop the export of pig iron and scrap metal to Japan.[11]

Arrival of SS Dalfram

The arrival of the British tramp steamer Dalfram, which berthed at No. 4 jetty in Port Kembla on 15 November 1938, ignited the dispute. When the nature of the cargo and its destination were confirmed,[12] a walk-off eventuated around 11am.

The next day at pick up time the Dalfram was the first ship called to be worked. This resulted in refusal by the waterside workers, and as no other ship work was called, thus effectively a lockout eventuated for all ships then at Port Kembla.[13]

Other union organisations were quick to support the Port Kembla waterside workers, including the Illawarra Trades and Labour Council, Sydney Labour Council, the Federated Ironworkers' Association, Federated Engine Drivers' and Firemen's Association, and the Australian Workers Union. Even the Indian seamen on board the Dalfram refused to move the ship to another berth where non union labour could be employed.[14]

Support for the strike by Waterside Workers' Federation Federal officials and the Federal Labor Party has been categorised as lukewarm by historians. This was a dispute where local decision making was essentially driving the action, with support among more leftwing unionists around Australia.[2]

The dispute dragged on for 10 weeks and 2 days and received financial support from around Australia, particularly from the Australian Labour movement, but also from the Chinese immigrant community in Sydney who supplied truckloads of produce to help the families of the striking workers.[5]

Menzies and the dispute

Attorney General Robert Menzies first threatened use of the Transport Workers Act on 28 November 1938. He accused the union of dictating foreign policy, and argued that the elected government had the sole right to decide goods to be traded and what relationships were to be established with foreign powers.[15]

Menzies met with WWF leader Jim Healy on 7 December. That day the Transport Workers’ Act was applied at Port Kembla. Only one licence was taken out and that was publicly burned in front of Customs House. There was immediate support from other unions for the strike action and the wharves were declared black.[2]

On 17 December BHP laid off 4000 men claiming that the Dalfram dispute was responsible for bringing everything to a standstill.[2]

Attorney-General Menzies made an attempt to settle the dispute by calling a meeting with the Combined Union Committee at Wollongong for 11 January 1939. Workers responded by little demonstrations along the small coal mining villages along the coast and over 1000 people in Wollongong.[2]

Menzies met with the Mayor and dignitaries in the Wollongong Hotel. He was due to meet with union officials across the road but the large crowd initially prevented him. The police inspector present asked local union official Ted Roach if he could organise safe passage through the crowd. Union members thus cleared a path through the crowd for Menzies to walk to the meeting with officials.[2]

"Pig Iron Bob" nickname

It was during the Dalfram dispute that the title "Pig Iron Bob" was coined in reference to the then Attorney General Robert Menzies. Local union official Ted Roach claimed[16] that the epithet was first used by Mrs. Gwendoline Croft, a member of the local women's relief committee.[5] It was later picked up by the Rev. Bill Hobbin, a former Methodist minister, and Stan Moran, the well-known wharfie and communist Domain orator.[2][17]

Dispute end and aftermath

On 21 January 1939 after 10 weeks and two days on strike the waterside workers at Port Kembla decided to load the pig iron "under protest".[2]

The Lyons government policy of appeasement of Japanese military aggression and opposition to the trade union bans on trade with Japan were not entirely unanimous. External Affairs minister Billy Hughes appears to have attempted to undermine the government policy according to at least one historian, who conjectures this may have been due to Hughes' past links with the Waterside Workers' Federation, being the first President of the union in 1902. The day after the workers at Port Kembla capitulated Billy Hughes delivered a vitriolic speech attacking Japanese militarism and its threat to Australia.[18]

On 24 January, Jim Healy met with Government representatives and received an unofficial assurance that no more pig-iron would be shipped to Japan, although it is debated to whether this was actually the case or that some shipments of scrap metal and pig iron were made.[2]

Melbourne waterside workers refused to load scrap iron on to a German ship in May 1938.[2]

The dispute brought together the Illawarra labour movement and elements of Sydney's Chinese immigrant community and contributed in a small way to the breakdown of the White Australia policy.[2][5]

Much more significantly, it heralded a rising militancy in Australia by the Waterside' Workers Federation and the union movement as World War II was about to unfold.[2]

A union song to commemorate the dispute was composed by Clem Parkinson in 1964 titled The Pig-Iron Song.[19]

In December 2006 the Illawarra Branch of the Society for the Study of Labour History erected a Plaque to commemorate the dispute, located near the Number 4 Jetty at Port Kembla where the Dalfram docked. Her Excellency Madam Fu Yng, the Chinese Ambassador, unveiled the Plaque.[20] In 2013 Mike Donaldson and Nick Southall published Against fascism and war about the issue.[21] In 2015 a feature-length film documentary was released called The Dalfram Dispute, 1938: Pig Iron Bob.[22]

Contributors to the documentary included historians Stuart Macintyre, Les Louis, Glenn Mitchell, Drew Cottle, Greg Mallory and curator of the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Zhu ChengShan.

The documentary was shortlisted for the 2015 NSW Premier's Multimedia History Prize. It was also a finalist in the 15th Screen Producers Association of Australia Awards for feature documentary.[23][24]

In July 2015 H.E. Ambassador Ma Zhaoxu of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Australia highlighted the Dalfram dispute as a remembered moment in the relationship between Australian and Chinese people when they stood together for common cause.[25]

See also

References
  1. White, Jon (1979). "The Port Kembla Pig Iron Strike of 1938". Labour History. Australian Society for the Study of Labour History (79): 63–77. doi:10.2307/27508384. JSTOR 27508384.
  2. Mallory, Greg (1999). "The 1938 Dalfram Pig-iron Dispute and Wharfies Leader, Ted Roach". The Hummer. Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. 3 (2).
  3. White, Jon (1979). "The Port Kembla Pig Iron Strike of 1938". Labour History. Australian Society for the Study of Labour History (79): 63–77. doi:10.2307/27508384. JSTOR 27508384.
  4. Jones, Paul. "2001 ASSLH conference – Chinese seamen and Australian labour: The mass desertion from the SS Silksworth at Newcastle, October 1937". Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  5. "Dalfram dispute: life lessons from the past". Illawarra Mercury. 22 March 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  6. Jones, Paul. "2001 ASSLH conference – Chinese seamen and Australian labour: The mass desertion from the SS Silksworth at Newcastle, October 1937". Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  7. National Archives of Australia and Vic Bird, Sino-Japanese dispute—Chinese view of SS Silksworth, Series A 1606, D 41/1/1, SS Silksworth Dispute of 1937: A Memoir, Melbourne May Day Committee, 1991.
  8. White, Jon (1979). "The Port Kembla Pig Iron Strike of 1938". Labour History. Australian Society for the Study of Labour History (79): 65–67.
  9. "197 Mr J. A. Lyons, Prime Minister, to Mr Torao Wakamatsu, Japanese Consul-General in Sydney". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 17 May 1938. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  10. "203 Mr J. A. Lyons, Prime Minister, to Mr Torao Wakamatsu, Japanese Consul-General in Sydney". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 18 May 1938. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  11. White, Jon (1979). "The Port Kembla Pig Iron Strike of 1938". Labour History. Australian Society for the Study of Labour History (79): 63–64. doi:10.2307/27508384. JSTOR 27508384.
  12. Lockwood, Rupert (1987). War on the Waterfront: Menzies, Japan and the Pig-iron Dispute. Sydney: Hale & Ironmonger. pp. 107–109. ISBN 9780868063010.
  13. Donaldson, Mike; Southall, Nick (31 October 2022). "Against Fascism and War: Pig Iron Bob and the Dalfram Dispute, Port Kembla 1938". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  14. White, Jon (1979). "The Port Kembla Pig Iron Strike of 1938". Labour History. Australian Society for the Study of Labour History (79): 68.
  15. "Prime Ministerial Press Release, Canberra". National Archives of Australia. 28 November 1938. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  16. Tony Stephens, ‘Pig Iron Memories Bob Back Up’, Sydney Morning Herald, 17 July 1993.
  17. "Stan Moran Says..." Tribune. No. 452. New South Wales, Australia. 15 September 1948. p. 1. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  18. White, Jon (1979). "The Port Kembla Pig Iron Strike of 1938". Labour History. Australian Society for the Study of Labour History (79): 63–64. doi:10.2307/27508384. JSTOR 27508384.
  19. "The Pig-Iron Song". Union Songs. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  20. Petersen, Mairi (2007). "The Dalfram Dispute Memorial Plaque". Illawarra Unity - Journal of the Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. 7 (1): 47–48.
  21. Donaldson, Mike; Southall, Nick (2013), Against fascism and war : Pig Iron Bob and the Dalfram dispute : Port Kembla, 1938, Wollongong Wollongong Free University Press, Gramsci Society, retrieved 28 July 2022
  22. "The Dalfram Dispute,1938: Pig Iron Bob". 2015 Why Documentaries. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  23. "The Dalfram Dispute,1938: Pig Iron Bob". The Australian Historical Association. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  24. "finalists in the 15th Screen Producers Australia Awards". Screen Producers Australia. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  25. "Remember the Past and Work Together for Peace--Address by H.E. Ambassador Ma Zhaoxu at the "Jewish Refugees and Shanghai" Exhibition in Canberra". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Australia. 8 July 2015. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015.

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