Dean Clough

53.728°N 1.862°W / 53.728; -1.862

Dean Clough

Dean Clough in Halifax, Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England, is a group of large factory buildings built in the 1840s–60s for Crossley's Carpets,[1] becoming one of the world's largest carpet factories (half a mile long with 1,250,000 square feet (116,000 m2) of floorspace).[2][3] After years of declining production it closed in 1983, when it was bought by a consortium led by Sir Ernest Hall which developed the Grade II listed site for various commercial and cultural uses. It is now seen as a leading example of successful urban regeneration.[4][5][6] Dean Clough is located on the north side of Halifax near the Victorian North Bridge and the modern flyover sections of the Burdock Way relief road system. The converted mills now house about 150 large and small businesses and arts venues including Crossley Gallery and several other art galleries and the Viaduct Theatre, home base for the Northern Broadsides theatre company.[7] Phoenix Radio 96.7 FM has its studios in D Mill and Lloyds Banking Group has offices in G Mill.

History

John Crossley, with his brother, Thomas, and James Travis first leased Dean Clough Mills in 1802. When this lease expired after twenty years John Crossley took on a new lease in his own name. After his death in 1837, at which time three hundred people were employed, his three sons, John, Joseph and Francis, continued the business as John Crossley and Sons. They formed a joint stock company in 1864, becoming one of the first limited liability companies in Britain. It was this company that built the very large mills on the site between 1841 and 1869, together with large sheds which have now been demolished. Around 1855 the alphabetical naming system was introduced for the mills. There were also other premises in Halifax, employing five thousand people by 1900. The company also operated at Kidderminster and had warehouses in London and Manchester. During the two world wars production changed from carpets to military supplies such as webbing, blankets and khaki yarn for uniforms. When Chairman Patrick Crossley retired in 1970 the company moved its headquarters to Kidderminster, and it was decided in 1982 to close the Dean Clough site.[8] One of the Crossley family is still involved in carpet making on a much smaller scale at neighbouring Haley Hill.[5]

Following the closure of the mills in 1983 the site was bought by a consortium led by chairman Sir Ernest Hall. As managing director, his son Jeremy, has gradually refurbished the buildings for office and cultural uses by a large number of companies.[5]

Dean Clough played host to the launch of the Conservative Party manifesto for the 2017 General Election by then Prime Minister Theresa May, the site being situated in the Labour constituency of Halifax.[9]

Site

Mill buildings
Further information: List of mills in Calderdale

There are a number of mill buildings, some very large, mostly named with letters of the alphabet. Most of them are in the bottom of the steep sided Hebble Valley but G Mill stands on the steep bank to the south of Dean Clough Road, reducing from nine storeys at the road to five at the top of the bank. The first mill built on the site by the Crossley family in 1841 was A mill, followed by six storey B Mill in 1844. They are likely to have originally contained spinning and some weaving equipment. The first weaving shed, Old Shed, was built in 1849. These were followed by C Mill in 1850, New Shed in 1853, E Mill in 1857, F Mill in 1858, G Mill in 1867, and H Mill in 1869. Other smaller buildings were also built on the site.[10]

Transport infrastructure

The factory had railway sidings at North Bridge railway station close to the eastern end of the factory. This was connected by a viaduct to the Caldervale Line at the main Halifax railway station, and entered Old Lane Tunnel alongside the mills, to connect via the Queensbury Lines to Bradford and Keighley.[11] Following the closure of that railway in 1955 and the demolition of North Bridge Station in 1960 Dean Clough relies on road transport on the A58, A629, A6036 and A646 roads. These roads are linked by the Burdock Way road system which was carved through Halifax in the early 1970s with high curving flyovers overlooking the mills.[12]

Redevelopment
An aluminium sheep by artist Frank Darnley overlooks the mills, next to a similar sculpture representing a phoenix bird

Sir Ernest Hall and Jonathan Silver bought the site in equal shares in 1983 and opted to develop flexibly rather than to enmesh themselves in grant aided regeneration schemes; but the two men had very different styles of working and the partnership did not last. Within a year, Hall bought Silver's share from him, and Silver left; three years later he bought Salt's Mill and began regenerating that building in his own way.[13]

The large sheds on the south western part of the site were demolished to open it up and provide car parking space.[1] A Travelodge and an NHS facility now use buildings at the western end. The refurbishment of G Mill has been ongoing over twenty years, working floor by floor. Stone facades have been cleaned of the industrial blackening which affected all of the area's older buildings and exterior changes have been kept to a minimum, while interiors have been adapted to new uses. This has sometimes involved removing floors and cast iron pillars and installing lifts.[14]

The mills now provide office space for some 150 companies, art galleries, restaurants and The Viaduct Theatre. [15] A 35 feet (11 m) long model of the factory at 1:40 scale has been made out of Lego and is on display.[16]

The Viaduct Theatre

The Viaduct Theatre is a 300-seater underground performance space. It has been the home base for the Northern Broadsides theatre company for more than 30 years, and also hosts visiting companies and community groups.[17][18][19]

See also

References
  1. "Dean Clough Mills, Halifax — West Yorkshire". The Prince's regeneration Trust. 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  2. Newcomen Society (Great Britain) (1981). Industrial archaeology, Volume 16. HMSO/SCIENCE MUSEUM. p. 59. ISBN 0-11-290324-X. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  3. Adrian Searle (11 July 1995). "Up the workers. A travelling French artist takes his cue from rusty biscuit tins, inspirational carpets, a town's forgotten past and trouble at t'mill". The Independent. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  4. Cullingworth, Barry; Nadin, Vincent (1991). Town and Country Planning in the UK. London: Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 0-203-46256-4. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  5. Virginia Mason (20 May 2008). "Age is no barrier to achievement says Sir Ernest Hall". Evening Courier. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  6. Tim Rayment (24 June 2007). "The temple of doom". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
  7. "The Tempest by William Shakespeare". British Council website. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  8. "Administrative history". The National Archives. 28 May 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  9. "May launches Conservative manifesto in Halifax - key points". The Yorkshire Post. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  10. "Dean Clough-G Mill, Level 2 Heritage Statement" (PDF). careyjones architects. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  11. "Queensbury to Halifax 1880 - 1955". Lost Railways Yorkshire.co.uk. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
  12. "From Weaver to Web, online visual archive of Calderdale history". Calderdale Council. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
  13. Jim Greenhalf (1998). Salt & Silver: a Story of Hope (2nd ed.). Bradford Libraries. p. 96. ISBN 0 907734-52-9.
  14. Calderdale District Council (2008). "APPLICATION NO: 08/01 451 /LBC WARD: 16 PROPOSAL" (PDF). Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  15. "Visit the amazing LEGO model of Dean Clough Mills, Halifax". Dean Clough. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  16. "Halifax's Dean Clough Mill immortalised in Lego". BBC News. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  17. "Home page". The Viaduct Theatre. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  18. "Quality Street review – JM Barrie's bittersweet romcom is a treat". The Guardian. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  19. "The Cow Fields of Slack Bottom". The Viaduct Theatre. Retrieved 21 January 2021. A planned production by Talking Stock
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