Depth of discharge

Depth of discharge (DoD) is an important parameter appearing in the context of rechargeable battery operation. Two non-identical definitions can be found in commercial and scientific sources. The depth of discharge is defined as:

  1. the maximum fraction or percentage of a battery's capacity (given in Ah) which is removed from the charged battery on a regular basis.[1][2][3][4] "Charged" does not necessarily refer to fully or 100 % charged, but rather to the state of charge (SoC), where the battery charger stops charging, which is achieved by different techniques.
  2. the fraction or percentage of the battery's capacity which is currently removed from the battery with regard to its (fully) charged state. For fully charged batteries, the depth of discharge is connected to the state of charge by the simple formula . The depth of discharge then is the complement of state of charge: as one increases, the other decreases. This definition is mostly found in scientific sources.[5][6][7][8][9]

The depth of discharge can therefore (1) refer to the size of the range usually used for discharge or (2) the current amount of charge or fraction of the capacity removed from the battery. To avoid confusion, the exact meaning of DoD should be clear for a given context. Also, for both definitions, it remains undefined, whether a charged battery's SoC is 100 % or another value. This reference value is needed to fully describe (1) the upper and lower limit of absolute SoC used for operation or (2) the current value of the absolute SoC.

Occurrence

During their use, secondary batteries are repeatedly charged and discharged within a certain range of state of charge. For many battery types, it is beneficial or even mandatory for safety reasons, to not encounter overcharging and/or deep discharge. To prevent adverse effects, a battery management system or battery charger may keep the battery from extreme levels regarding SoC, thereby limiting the SoC to a reduced range between 0 % and 100 % and decreasing depth of discharge below 100 % (see example below). This corresponds to the DoD in the sense of definition (1).

For almost all known rechargeable battery technologies, such as lead-acid batteries of all kinds like AGM, there is a correlation between the depth of discharge and the cycle life of the battery.[10] For LiFePO
4 batteries, for example, the state of charge is often limited to the range between 15 % and 85 % to greatly increase their cycle life, resulting in a DoD of 70 %.[3]

While the state of charge is usually expressed using percentage points (0 % = empty; 100 % = full), depth of discharge is either expressed using units of Ah (e.g. for a 50 Ah battery, 0 Ah is full and 50 Ah is empty) or percentage points (100 % is empty and 0 % is full). The capacity of a battery may also be higher than its nominal rating. Thus it is possible for the depth of discharge value to exceed the nominal value (e.g., 55 Ah for a 50 Ah battery, or 110 %).

Sample calculation

Using definition (2), the depth of discharge of a charged 90 Ah battery is discharged for 20 minutes at a constant current of 50 A is calculated by:

Deep discharge

See also

References
  1. Cheng, Yu-Shan; Liu, Yi-Hua; Hesse, Holger C.; Naumann, Maik; Truong, Cong Nam; Jossen, Andreas (2018). "A PSO-Optimized Fuzzy Logic Control-Based Charging Method for Individual Household Battery Storage Systems within a Community". Energies. 11 (2): 469. doi:10.3390/en11020469. ISSN 1996-1073.
  2. Wikner, Evelina; Thiringer, Torbjörn (2018). "Extending Battery Lifetime by Avoiding High SOC". Applied Sciences. 8 (10): 1825. doi:10.3390/app8101825. ISSN 2076-3417.
  3. gwl-power. "lithium & solar power LiFePO4". lithium & solar power LiFePO4. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  4. "Blog - LiFePO4 | shop.GWL.eu". shop.gwl.eu. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  5. Bhadra, Shoham; Hertzberg, Benjamin J.; Hsieh, Andrew G.; Croft, Mark; Gallaway, Joshua W.; Van Tassell, Barry J.; Chamoun, Mylad; Erdonmez, Can; Zhong, Zhong; Sholklapper, Tal; Steingart, Daniel A. (2015). "The relationship between coefficient of restitution and state of charge of zinc alkaline primary LR6 batteries" (PDF). Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 3 (18): 9395–9400. doi:10.1039/C5TA01576F. OSTI 1183288.
  6. Wang, John; Liu, Ping; Hicks-Garner, Jocelyn; Sherman, Elena; Soukiazian, Souren; Verbrugge, Mark; Tataria, Harshad; Musser, James; Finamore, Peter (2011-04-15). "Cycle-life model for graphite-LiFePO4 cells". Journal of Power Sources. 196 (8): 3942–3948. Bibcode:2011JPS...196.3942W. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.134. ISSN 0378-7753.
  7. Yamamoto, Takahiko; Ando, Tomohiro; Kawabe, Yusuke; Fukuma, Takeshi; Enomoto, Hiroshi; Nishijima, Yoshiaki; Matsui, Yoshihiko; Kanamura, Kiyoshi; Takahashi, Yasufumi (2021-11-02). "Characterization of the Depth of Discharge-Dependent Charge Transfer Resistance of a Single LiFePO4 Particle". Analytical Chemistry. 93 (43): 14448–14453. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02851. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 34668693.
  8. Shim, Joongpyo; Striebel, Kathryn A. (2003-06-01). "Cycling performance of low-cost lithium ion batteries with natural graphite and LiFePO4". Journal of Power Sources. Selected papers presented at the 11th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries. 119–121: 955–958. Bibcode:2003JPS...119..955S. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00297-0. ISSN 0378-7753. S2CID 53992561.
  9. Anseán, D.; Viera, J. C.; González, M.; García, V. M.; Álvarez, J. C.; Antuña, J. L. (2013). "High power LiFePO4 cell evaluation: Fast charge, Depth of Discharge and Fast discharge dependency". World Electric Vehicle Journal. 6 (3): 653–662. doi:10.3390/wevj6030653. ISSN 2032-6653.
  10. support.rollsbattery.com:AGM discharge characteristics
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