Defiant Development

Defiant Development was founded by Morgan Jaffit and Dan Treble following the closures of several larger video game developers in Australia.[1][2] Jaffit had been the lead designer at the Brisbane office of Pandemic Studios, while Treble, after leaving Pandemic Studios, had worked for Krome Studios.[1][3] By the late 2000s, operating such studios had become comparatively expensive in the country, given a historically high value of the Australian dollar and tax breaks for video game studios in other countries.[4][5] Pandemic Studios, previously acquired by Electronic Arts, was shut down in 2009, and Krome Studios closed in 2010, as did several other developers around the same time.[3][4] These closures coincided with a rise of indie and mobile game development in Australia, which Jaffit saw as an opportunity for a new studio.[6] He joined with Treble and they established Defiant on 21 May 2010.[2][7]

The studio's first game was Rocket Bunnies, a mobile game released later in 2010.[1] Throughout 2011, the company developed three augmented reality games: The first, Inch High Stunt Guy, was created for Qualcomm's "Augmented Reality Developer Challenge", finishing second and winning A$50,000.[8] The company also created Floodlines and Hoops AR (previously known as Bankshot).[9][10] In April 2012, Defiant published Ski Safari, an "endless skier" game developed by Brendan Watts and Shawn Eustace.[11][12] The company then released Heroes Call (previously called Quick Quest), a free-to-play dungeon crawl game for iOS, in May that year.[11][13] According to Jaffit, Defiant self-published its games to avoid becoming dependent on a publisher for funds, with the added pressure of repaying the publisher's investment after a game's release.[2] However, for the release of Heroes Call, the studio invested its entire budget into polishing the game, forcing the studio to shift to work-for-hire jobs shortly thereafter.[11]

In June 2013, Defiant was assured A$650,000 of a A$6 million governmental grant from Screen Australia for independent Australian game developers, which was to be paid out over the following three years.[14][15] The investment allowed the studio to continuously grow, going from 7 to 18 full-time equivalents between 2013 and 2015.[16] However, Jaffit later stated that the grant was as much as the company had to pay in taxes in 2016 alone.[17] Later in 2013, Defiant developed Ben 10 Slammers, a digital collectible card game based on the Ben 10 TV series, in conjunction with Cartoon Network.[18] The studio continued to collaborate with Cartoon Network and released Ski Safari: Adventure Time, a rework of Ski Safari based on the Adventure Time TV series, at the end of the year.[18][19] Defiant created the mobile virtual reality game Atop the Wizard's Tower as part of the 2015 "Mobile VR Jam" competition held for the Oculus Rift, where it was ranked third.[20] The game was eventually ported to Gear VR devices in May 2017.[21]

In late 2013, Defiant launched a crowdfunding campaign via Kickstarter for Hand of Fate, a game that combines elements of action role-playing games with a deck-building game.[1][2][22] After reaching its funding goal, the game became available through Steam Early Access before being released in February 2015.[1][23] Defiant continued its tradition of self-publishing and raised its headcount to 15 people, of which 40% were veteran developers, 40% intermediates, and 20% juniors.[1][2] It was the studio's first non-mobile game and Jaffit considered it a "big, original Australian game". He believed that this transition made Defiant "a real studio making real games".[1] The company subsequently released a sequel, Hand of Fate 2, in November 2017.[24] In its first six months, Hand of Fate 2 outperformed its predecessor by 40% in revenue, the highest-ever revenue in such a timeframe for Defiant.[25] The studio employed 25 people by October 2018.[26]

Following Hand of Fate 2, Defiant had begun developing a game under the working title The World in My Attic with a release planned for 2021.[27] The game would have featured a family that discovers a board game, Hexes & Heroes, that provides a gateway to a fantasy world based on that game. Players, controlling the family members, would place hexagonal tiles on a changing game board and then become involved in an action-adventure game within that tile, similar to the progression in Hand of Fate.[28] However, Jaffit announced on 23 July 2019 that Defiant would be wound down, cease game development, and enter "caretaker mode" to further support its existing titles. In the announcement, Jaffit cited the studio's "risky" business model and failure to adapt quickly enough to a games market that had "changed in ways both big and small".[29][30][31]

• Warco (developed in conjunction with ManiatyMedia and Arenamedia)[35]
• The World in My Attic (formerly scheduled for 2021)