Delaware Water Gap

Delaware Water Gap is a water gap on the border of the U.S. states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania where the Delaware River cuts through a large ridge of the Appalachian Mountains.[2]

For the town with the same name, see Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania. For the American indie band, see Del Water Gap (band).
Delaware Water Gap
Delaware Water Gap seen from the Appalachian Trail at Mount Minsi in Pennsylvania with I-80 on the left
Elevation335 ft (102 m)[1]
Traversed by I-80, PA 611, Delaware–Lackawanna Railroad
LocationNew Jersey and Pennsylvania, U.S.
RangeBlue Mountains/Kittatinny Ridge
Coordinates40°58′3.7″N 75°7′11.6″W
Topo mapPortland, Stroudsburg

The gap makes up the southern portion of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, which is used primarily for recreational purposes, such as canoeing, fishing, hiking, and rock climbing. Though the US National Park Service manages the National Recreation Area, portions of the water gap are also patrolled by New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry.

The park does not charge an entrance fee but does have expanded amenity fees, including vehicle season and daily passes, bicycles amenity fees, and charges for beach use. Most of the park is open 24-hours a day, with most day-use areas within the park open sunrise to sunset (such as trailhead parking lots, Millbrook Village, and all picnic areas).[3]

Geology
Worthington State Forest seen from a campsite
The Delaware Water Gap with the Pennsylvania town of the same name visible in the lower left next to the I-80 crossing.

A water gap is a geological feature where a river cuts through a mountain ridge. The Delaware Water Gap formed 500 million years ago[4] when quartz pebbles from mountains in the area were deposited in a shallow sea. The Martinsburg Shale on the eastern side of what was to be Kittatinny Mountain was uplifted 450 million years ago when a chain of volcanic islands collided with proto-North America. These islands slid over the North American plate, and deposited rock on top of the plate, forming the Highlands and Kittatinny Valley.

About 400 million years ago, a small continent collided with proto-North America. The heat from the pressure melted the quartzite, which allowed it to bend the quartz pebbles. This layer was then uplifted and cracked over thousands of years. During this period, the Delaware River slowly cut its path down through the shattered and cracked quartzite. If the quartzite had not been cracked, the river would not have been able to cut its path through the mountain to form the gap.[5]

Millions of years of rain, ice, snow, and wind erosion shaped the area. The Wisconsin glaciation, which occurred between 21,000 BCE and 13,000 BCE, covered the entire Kittatinny Ridge and ended near Belvidere. When the glaciers retreated, the existing gap assumed its present form.[6]

The mountain is comprised of Silurian shawangunk conglomerate. This is gray quartzite, which makes the mountain highly resistant to weathering. The Silurian High Fall formation of sandstone is on the western side of the gap near the base. The eastern side of the gap has Ordovician Martinsburg shale. Sedimentary rock is along the river. The Bloomsburg Red Beds, a red shale, are at the gap under Dunnfield Creek.

The Delaware Water Gap is about 300 metres (980 ft) across at river level and 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) wide at the top. The river through the gap is 290 feet above sea level.

The ridge of the Appalachians that the Delaware River crosses is called the Blue Mountains in Pennsylvania and the Kittatinny Ridge in Warren County, New Jersey. This is the first major ridge of the Appalachian mountains. New Jersey's mountain is Mount Tammany, named after the Lenni-Lenape Chief Tamanend. The Pennsylvania mountain is Mount Minsi, named after the Native American tribe of the area. The summit of Tammany is 1,540 ft (470 m) above sea level.

Flora and fauna
Delaware Water Gap seen from the Delaware River Viaduct in Knowlton Township, New Jersey in June 2021

In 1739, America's first botanist, John Bartram of Philadelphia, followed the course of the Delaware River in his search for American trees, evergreens and shrubs to supply new species that were formerly unknown to British naturalists. These gardeners waited months for shipments of saplings, seeds, and pinecones to be sent by sea that were then introduced into English gardens. Using Native American trails, Bartram rode on horseback through the Water Gap, which allowed entry to the lands beyond.[7]

A northern deciduous forest cloaks the slopes of the Delaware Water Gap. Hardwood species comprising the forest include various oaks, hickories, maples, ash, elm, cherry, walnut, birch, sycamore, and beech. Coniferous species include Eastern White Pine, Pitch Pine, Eastern Red Cedar, and Eastern Hemlock.

Black bear, white-tailed deer, gray squirrels, red squirrels, raccoons, gray fox, fisher, and chipmunks are some of the forest species of the area. Hunting of deer, turkey, and small game is permitted, following NJ Fish & Wildlife regulations, but is not permitted at any of the campsites.[8]

Shad migrate up the river through the gap in the spring. Other fish include bass, trout, carp, and walleye. Dunnfield Creek has been designated a "Wild Trout Stream" because of its natural brook trout fishery.[9]

Timber rattlesnakes and copperheads also inhabit the rocky areas of the mountain. Salamanders are found in the moist areas of the forest. Eastern prickly pear cactus also grows on the mountain near the red dot trail on the south eastern facing slope halfway up the mountain.

Transportation
Delaware Water Gap as seen from Knowlton Township, New Jersey in Warren County

Steep rock walls prohibited foot travel through the gap until a road was built on the Pennsylvania side of the river in 1793. In 1830, a road was built on the New Jersey side through the gap and north toward Pahaquarry. Interstate 80 passes through the gap on the New Jersey side as of the early 1970s via the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge, and occupies the former right-of-way of the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway.

The Pennsylvania portion of the New Jersey Cut-Off mainline of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad comes into Slateford, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Northeast Regional Railroad Authority owns the trackage in the Water Gap area. Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad operates the lines that run through the gap. Pennsylvania Route 611 occupies the right-of-way of a former trolley line.

Tocks Island and the National Park Service

In 1962, the Congress authorized the building of a dam across the Delaware River at Tocks Island, upstream of the water gap. Meant to control hurricane-related flooding, it was never built. The land for the proposed reservoir, which had already been purchased, was used to create the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in 1965.

There are two visitor centers, one in New Jersey near the Delaware River bridge and the other in Dingman's Ferry, Pennsylvania. Headquarters is located on River Road in Pennsylvania. The New Jersey side of the gap is also protected within Worthington State Forest, a forest wholly contained within the recreation area.

Hiking trails
Trail Length (one-way) Elevation Change Difficulty Blaze
Mt. Tammany 1.2 miles (1.9 km) 1,201 feet (366 m) Difficult  Red 
Pahaquarry 1.7 miles (2.7 km) 1,201 feet (366 m) Difficult  Blue 
Dunnfield Creek 3.5 miles (5.6 km) 966 feet (294 m) Moderate  Green 

Mount Tammany Trail

One of two trails leading up 1,200 vertical feet to the summit of Mt. Tammany. Once completed, one can see views of Mt. Minsi in Pennsylvania on the other side of the gap.[10]

Pahaquarry Trail

The second trail to the top of Mt. Tammany. The most challenging hike in the park is to combine the Red Dot and Blue Blaze trails into a 3 mi (4.8 km) loop. Park Services suggest ascending the Red Dot and descending the Blue Blaze, and the Blue trail is less steep.[11]

Dunnfield Creek Trail

Dunnfield Creek Trail departs from the Appalachian Trail above the Delaware River, follows the creek for two-thirds of its length with numerous stream crossings. The trail then climbs a ravine to rejoin the Appalachian Trail at Sunfish Pond.[12][13][14]

Appalachian Trail
The trails at Mt. Tammany near Kittatinny Point, NJ

Running from Springer Mountain, Georgia to Mt. Katahdin in Baxter State Park, Maine, the Appalachian Trail enters the Delaware Water Gap at the Delaware River on the Route 80 Bridge. It goes to Sunfish Pond, and continues northeast to Stokes State Forest. The trail crosses Route 206 and continues along the ridgeline of the Kittatinny Mountains to High Point State Park, eventually entering New York. Of the 2,174 miles (3,499 km) of trail, 28 miles (45 km) are within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.[15]

Additional trails also traverse through the area.

Rock climbing

The gap is a popular place to rock-climb in New Jersey. The climbs are 150 to 300 ft (46 to 91 m). Most climbing is done on the New Jersey side due to easier access. There are about one hundred climbs on the New Jersey side. Climbs range from 5.1 to 5.14 on the Yosemite Decimal System scale. Climbers follow the gray dot trail along Route 80, then pass the large rock face, then go up the path to the route they choose.

Beginning in 2010, the Pennsylvania side has been periodically closed to climbing during the nesting season for the endangered peregrine falcons.[16][17][18]

Boy Scout camps

The Easton Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America operated Weygadt Scout Reservation at the base of Mount Tammany from 1931 until 1968.[19] The Reservation was originally home to two Scout camps—the Easton Council's Camp Weygadt on the southern part of the reservation and the Minsi Trails Council's Camp Minsi on the northern section of the reservation.[19][20] In the later part of the 1930s, the Bethlehem Council moved their camp to the Poconos, and the entire reservation in the Water Gap became Camp Weygadt. Camp Minsi is now located in Pocono Summit, Pennsylvania, on the shores of Stillwater Lake.

Pahaquarra Boy Scout Camp was located on the New Jersey side of the Delaware Water Gap on Old Mine Road at the abandoned Pahaquarry Copper Mine. The camp served Boy Scouts from the George Washington Council. Just north of this camp was Camp Cowaw Boy Scout Camp which served Raritan Council Boy Scouts.

See also

References
  1. "Delaware Water Gap". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  2. "NPS Geodiversity Atlas—Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  3. Bushkill, Mailing Address: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area P. O. Box 2; Us, PA 18324 Phone: 570 426-2452 Contact. "Basic Information - Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-19. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  4. "Delaware Water Gap | Appalachian Trail Conservancy". Appalachian Trail Conservancy |. 2019-06-28. Archived from the original on 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  5. "Delaware water Gap National Recreation Area, The geology of the Delaware Water Gap" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  6. "Wisconsin Glacial Stage | Time, Map, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  7. The Brother Gardeners: Botany, Empire and the birth of an obsession, by Andrea Wulf. Publisher Alfred A. Knopf New York 2009. Pg 77
  8. "NJDEP | Worthington State Forest | New Jersey State Park Service". nj.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  9. "NJDEP | Worthington State Forest | New Jersey State Park Service". nj.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  10. Bushkill, Mailing Address: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area P. O. Box 2; Us, PA 18324 Phone: 570 426-2452 Contact. "Mt. Tammany Trail (Red Dot) - Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  11. Bushkill, Mailing Address: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area P. O. Box 2; Us, PA 18324 Phone: 570 426-2452 Contact. "Pahaquarry Trail (Blue Blaze) - Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  12. "NJDEP | Worthington State Forest | New Jersey State Park Service". nj.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  13. "Dunnfield Creek Natural Area - Kids Outdoors". kids.outdoors.org. Archived from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  14. Bushkill, Mailing Address: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area P. O. Box 2; Us, PA 18324 Phone: 570 426-2452 Contact. "Dunnfield Creek Trail - Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  15. Bushkill, Mailing Address: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area P. O. Box 2; Us, PA 18324 Phone: 570 426-2452 Contact. "Appalachian National Scenic Trail - Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  16. Staff Writer. "Rare falcons nest in Delaware Water Gap". New Jersey Herald. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  17. "Falcons close popular hiking, climbing trail in Pennsylvania". NORTHEAST EXPLORER. 2016-01-28. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  18. "Area Off Limits for Falcons in the Poconos". wnep.com. February 26, 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  19. "NPS.GOV - History of the Delaware Watergap" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  20. "Camp Weygadt History Website". Archived from the original on 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
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