Consolida regalis
Consolida regalis, known as forking larkspur, rocket-larkspur, and field larkspur, is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Consolida of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae).[1][2]
| Consolida regalis | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | Consolida |
| Species: | C. regalis |
| Binomial name | |
| Consolida regalis | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Distribution
Consolida regalis is native to:[2]
- Western Asia: Turkey, Georgia, western Siberia.
- Northern Europe — Denmark; Finland; Sweden; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania.
- Middle Europe — Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Slovakia; Switzerland.
- East Europe — Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Moldova; Russian Federation—European part; Ukraine.
- Southeastern Europe — Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece; Italy; Macedonia; Montenegro; Romania; Serbia; Slovenia.
- Southwestern Europe — France; Spain.
Habitat
The plant is found growing on sandy or chalky soils. It is present at an altitude of 0–1,200 metres (0–3,937 ft) above sea level.
It grows in dry weedy places and roadside ditches, and in cereal crop fields. The plant has become quite rare in central and southern Europe because of the increased use of herbicides and intensive soil cultivation.
This species is grown as an ornamental plant.
Description
Consolida regalis reaches on average 30–80 centimetres (12–31 in) in height. The stem is erect, hairy and very branched at the top. The roots grow into the soil up to a depth of 50 centimetres (20 in), so the plant can survive long periods of drought. The leaves are alternately arranged.
The inflorescence is a cluster with five to eight hermaphrodite flowers. The flowers are dark blue or purple with five sepals. The upper sepal is prolonged in a spur of 15–18 millimetres (0.59–0.71 in) long, pointing toward the back. There are eight to ten stamens. The flowering period extends from May through August.
The flowers are pollinated by hymenoptera and lepidoptera. The seeds ripen from June through September. All plant parts are poisonous in large doses, especially the seeds, that contain up to 1.4% of alkaloids.
Chemical constituents
The alkaloids which have been isolated from Consolida regalis include[3]
- aicolorine
- atisine
- corepanine
- delcoridine
- delcosine
- delsoline
- gigactonine
- hetisinone
- lycoctonine
- paniculine
- regaline
- takaosamine
Gallery
 Plant of Consolida regalis |
 Flowers of Consolida regalis |
 Close-up on a flower of Consolida regalis |
 Flowers of Consolida regalis' |
 Flowers of Consolida regalis' |
References
- USDA, NRCS (2010). "Plants Profile for Consolida regalis (royal knight's-spur)". The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 10 April 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
- "Consolida regalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
- Yin, Tianpeng; Cai, Le; Ding, Zhongtao (2020). "A systematic review on the chemical constituents of the genus Consolida (Ranunculaceae) and their biological activities". RSC Advances. 10 (58): 35072–35089. Bibcode:2020RSCAd..1035072Y. doi:10.1039/D0RA06811J. PMC 9056944. PMID 35515663.
- Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia - Edagricole – 1982 - Vol. I, pag. 291
- Consolida regalis
External links
